First, replace the queen bee. An old or weak queen produces fewer eggs and has a higher chance of dying during winter. The peak egg-laying period in spring is short, so it's important to raise new, high-quality queens in the fall. When replacing the queen, you can create a "double queen" situation, allowing both queens to lay eggs until one is removed. This helps maintain colony strength and ensures a smooth transition.
Second, breed age-appropriate winter bees. Bees that hatch during the White Dew period (a traditional Chinese term for late autumn) are best suited for overwintering. These bees have longer lifespans and better cold tolerance, making them ideal for surviving the winter months.
Third, feed the bees with proper winter food. This should start after the winter stores are collected. The sugar-to-water ratio should be around 1:0.6, which provides enough energy without being too thick. It’s best to feed them within 2-3 days to ensure they have enough reserves.
Fourth, prevent robbing behavior. Robbing can occur when the last nectar sources are fading in late autumn. At this time, it's important to release the bees and avoid overcrowding. Place an empty hive nearby to collect older bees, and if necessary, move them to another apiary. Make sure no honey or water leaks from the hives, as this can attract robbers.
Fifth, perform active hive management. This is usually done in two stages. The first is before the winter bees are raised, and the second occurs when the colony naturally starts preparing for winter. Before applying any treatments, make sure the bees are well-fed to reduce stress.
Sixth, break the brood cycle at the right time. After the overwintering bees emerge, it's important to manage the brood carefully. Increase the hive space by 15-20 mm, remove pollen combs, and reduce insulation. Use honey to fill up nest spaces, encouraging the queen to lay eggs early. This helps the colony grow stronger and more unified, or even force the queen to stop laying if needed.
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