Age-related infertility in cows is a complex issue with multiple underlying causes, which can generally be categorized into congenital and disease-related infertility. Currently, the most common type observed is disease-induced infertility, which can be further divided into three main categories: infertility due to delayed sexual maturity, infertility caused by maternal anti-sperm immune responses, and infertility resulting from reproductive tract inflammation combined with hormonal imbalances.
Among these, reproductive tract inflammation and associated hormonal disorders are the most frequently encountered. These conditions significantly impact fertility and require prompt diagnosis and treatment.
**1. Infertility Caused by Reproductive Tract Inflammation**
**(A) Endometritis in Young Cows**
This condition often develops due to chronic uterine infections, leading to reduced uterine elasticity and difficulty in pregnancy. During examination, the uterus may feel firm or irregular, and there may be signs of thickened uterine lining.
**Treatment:** Flushing the uterus with a 4% solution of normal saline (50 ml) every 12–15 days, followed by antibiotic irrigation using penicillin, neomycin, or gentamycin. Additionally, an intramuscular injection of Houttuynia extract (20–40 ml) is recommended. Typically, two courses are sufficient, but severe cases may require up to four treatments.
**(B) Cervicitis and Cervical Hyperplasia**
This condition is commonly caused by vaginitis, improper artificial insemination techniques, or poor hygiene during procedures. Symptoms include cervical swelling, congestion, and thickened edges.
**Prevention:** Maintaining strict hygiene during insemination, using gentle techniques, and avoiding excessive force when inserting the insemination gun. A cream containing kanamycin or gentamycin (3–5 ml) can be applied for 2–3 courses to promote healing.
**(C) Purulent Endometritis**
This occurs when the placenta or fetal membranes are not fully expelled after calving, leading to retained foreign bodies in the uterus. Vaginal discharge is typically purulent, with a foul odor and a grayish-yellow color.
**Treatment:** After flushing the uterus with green streptomycin and normal saline, inject 20 ml of Miyadakang directly into the uterus. Most cases heal within two treatments. Alternatively, traditional Chinese medicine can be used: 200 g of Kuncao, 50 g each of Angelica, Peach Kernel, Chinese Wolfberry, Chuanxiong, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Safflower, along with 30 g of black beans, boiled in warm water as a decoction.
**2. Hormonal Disorders Leading to Infertility**
Hormonal imbalances can result from improper breeding practices, nutritional deficiencies, environmental stress, or genital tract infections. These factors may lead to ovarian cysts, persistent corpus luteum, or ovarian atrophy.
**(A) Ovarian Cysts**
Ovarian cysts can be either follicular or luteal. Follicular cysts cause irregular estrus cycles, prolonged heat periods, or continuous estrus. Luteal cysts, on the other hand, are characterized by the absence of estrus, with enlarged ovaries showing fluctuating vesicles.
**Treatment:** Hormone therapy using luteinizing hormone, progesterone, or gonadotropin-releasing hormone can help resolve the issue. Manual rupture of the cyst or antibiotic treatment may also be effective.
**(B) Persistent Corpus Luteum**
This condition is marked by the absence of estrus and an enlarged ovary with a mung bean-sized protrusion. The uterus does not show signs of pregnancy.
**Treatment Options:**
- Intramuscular injection of prostaglandin (5–10 ml) within 5 days of estrus.
- Cloprostenol injection (0.5–1 mg) that works within 7 days.
- Pregnancy horse blood (20–40 ml) mixed with sodium brimonate and administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly for 2–3 days.
- Placental tissue fluid (20 ml) injected subcutaneously once every 1–2 days for 8–10 days.
**Traditional Chinese Medicine Approach:**
A mixture of 45 g of paper, 30 g of fennel, 45 g of Coptis, 90 g of rabbit silk, 30 g of Epimedium, 25 g of Wujing, 20 g of cinnamon, 60 g of Kun grass, 30 g of Sichuan off, and 30 g of rehmannia, all ground into fine powder, is brewed with rice wine and warm water. This is taken as a porridge-like drink, and it is recommended to administer one dose 4 hours before mating for better results.
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