Cows can experience age-related infertility due to a variety of causes, which are generally categorized into congenital and disease-related infertility. Currently, the most common issue is disease-related infertility, which includes conditions such as delayed sexual maturity, maternal anti-sperm immune responses, and infertility caused by reproductive tract inflammation and hormonal imbalances.
Among these, infertility resulting from reproductive tract inflammation and hormonal disorders is the most frequently encountered. Let’s explore these in more detail.
First, infertility caused by reproductive tract inflammation:
(A) Subclinical endometritis in young cows often goes unnoticed but can lead to long-term fertility issues. During examination, the uterus feels firm and loses its normal elasticity. This condition is typically due to chronic uterine lining infections.
Treatment involves flushing the uterus with a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate (50 ml), repeated every 12–15 days. After observing the discharge, antibiotics like penicillin, neomycin, or gentamycin can be used for irrigation. Additionally, Houttuynia injection (20–40 ml intramuscularly) is often administered. Typically, two treatment courses are sufficient, though severe cases may require up to four.
(B) Cervicitis and cervical hyperplasia are often caused by vaginitis, improper artificial insemination techniques, or poor hygiene. Symptoms include cervical swelling, redness, and thick secretions. In some cases, the cervix appears thickened and inflamed.
Prevention includes maintaining strict hygiene during artificial insemination, using gentle techniques, and avoiding unnecessary trauma to the cervix. A cream containing kanamycin or gentamycin (3–5 ml) can be applied to the cervix for 2–3 treatment cycles to promote healing.
(C) Purulent endometritis is commonly seen after calving when retained placental tissue or fetal membranes cause infection. Symptoms include purulent, foul-smelling vaginal discharge that is pale yellow in color.
Treatment involves flushing the uterus with a mixture of streptomycin and normal saline, followed by an intra-uterine injection of Miyadakang (20 ml). Two treatment sessions are usually enough. Alternatively, traditional Chinese medicine can be used: mix 200 g of Kuncao, 50 g each of Angelica, Peach Kernel, Vinegar, Wolfberry, Chuanxiong, 30 g each of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Safflower, plus one cup of black beans. Boil in warm water and administer once daily.
Second, infertility caused by hormonal disorders:
Factors such as improper breeding practices, nutritional deficiencies, environmental stress, or genital tract infections can disrupt hormone balance, leading to conditions like ovarian cysts, ovarian atrophy, or persistent corpus luteum.
(A) Ovarian cysts—either follicular or luteal—can significantly impact fertility. Follicular cysts often result in irregular estrus patterns, while luteal cysts may cause an absence of estrus. Diagnosis involves checking for enlarged ovaries with fluctuating masses.
Treatment options include hormone therapy (e.g., luteinizing hormone, chorionic gonadotropin) or manual rupture of the cysts. Antibiotics may also be used if infection is present.
(B) Persistent corpus luteum is characterized by the absence of estrus and an enlarged ovary with a visible, firm mass. Hormone treatments such as prostaglandin, cloprostenol, or equine chorionic gonadotropin are commonly used. In addition, traditional Chinese medicine recipes may help restore hormonal balance.
For example, a herbal remedy includes 45 g of paper, 30 g of fennel, 45 g of Coptis, 90 g of rabbit silk, 30 g of Epimedium, 25 g of Wujing, 20 g of cinnamon, 60 g of Kun grass, 30 g of Sichuan off, and 30 g of Rehmannia. Mix all ingredients with 250 g of rice wine and boiling water to make a porridge-like preparation. Administer once daily, and breed after 4 hours of estrus for better results.
In conclusion, managing age-related infertility in cows requires a comprehensive approach, combining modern veterinary treatments with traditional remedies to address both the symptoms and underlying causes effectively.
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