In recent years, the cultivation of kidney beans in Zaozhuang has experienced significant growth, especially during early spring, utilizing small arch greenhouses for early maturation. This method has proven to be highly profitable, with higher income per mu. The following are the detailed cultivation techniques:
Soil preparation and fertilization are crucial. Choose deep, well-drained soil and prepare it by plowing deeply before winter. Apply 4,000 kg of high-quality organic manure and 30 kg of diammonium phosphate as base fertilizer per acre to ensure rich nutrients for the crop.
Selecting high-quality varieties is essential. Opt for early-maturing, short-stemmed, high-quality French ground pea varieties that are resistant to transportation. Start seedlings in a greenhouse in mid-February using 10 cm x 10 cm nutrient blocks. Each block should contain 3–4 seeds. Soak the blocks in an 800-fold dilution of carbendazim solution to prevent diseases, then cover them with 1.5 cm of soil. Maintain daytime temperatures between 18–25°C and nighttime temperatures around 12°C until germination. Once the seedlings emerge, adjust the temperature to 20–25°C during the day and 13–15°C at night. Ensure proper ventilation during midday. After 4–6 days of hardening off, the seedlings can be transplanted when daytime temperatures are above 15°C and nighttime temperatures not below 11°C.
Planting should occur in mid-March, with seedlings about 20 days old. Space the plants 30 cm apart within rows and 40 cm between rows. Dig holes just deep enough to level the top of the nutrient block with the soil surface. Water thoroughly after planting, let the water soak in, then cover the soil and apply plastic film. Maintain daytime temperatures between 22–25°C and nighttime temperatures above 15°C during the initial growth phase.
After transplanting, keep the area free of weeds and avoid damaging the nutrient blocks. During the early flowering stage, water lightly once the first pods begin to form. Apply 20 kg of diammonium phosphate as a base fertilizer. Then, top-dress with 10 kg of urea per mu every 15 days, applying it twice in total. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged, avoiding overwatering which may lead to root rot. Remove the plastic cover in early May when the weather becomes suitable for cowpea growth.
Pest and disease control is vital. For aphids, use 40% omethoate diluted 1,000 times and spray the plants. For cowpea rust, spray with a clear solution of 30 kg of powder per 100 liters of water.
Harvesting should be done promptly when the pods reach full size. Delayed harvesting can reduce quality and increase nutrient consumption, negatively affecting yield. Harvest every 2–3 days, being careful not to damage the stems or leaves. Timely picking ensures better market value and overall productivity.
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