In recent years, the cultivation of kidney beans in Zaozhuang area has experienced rapid growth, especially during early spring using small arch greenhouses. This method has proven to be highly profitable, with higher income per mu. The following are the key techniques for successful cultivation:
Soil preparation and fertilization play a crucial role. Farmers choose deep, well-drained soil and perform deep plowing before winter. For each acre, 4,000 kg of high-quality organic manure and 30 kg of diammonium phosphate are applied as base fertilizer to ensure nutrient-rich conditions.
Selecting high-quality, early-maturing varieties is essential. The French ground pea variety, known for its short stems, good quality, and strong transport resistance, is widely used. Seedlings are grown in greenhouses starting from mid-February. Using 10 cm x 10 cm nutrient blocks, 3–4 seeds are planted per block. These blocks are soaked in an 800-times diluted carbendazim solution to prevent diseases, then covered with 1.5 cm of soil. After sowing, the temperature should be maintained at 18–25°C during the day and 12°C at night until germination. Once the seedlings emerge, the daytime temperature should be kept at 20–25°C, while nighttime temperatures should stay between 13–15°C. Proper ventilation is necessary during midday. Before transplanting, the seedlings are hardened off for 4–6 days, ensuring that daytime temperatures remain above 15°C and nighttime temperatures do not drop below 11°C.
Planting typically takes place in mid-March, when the seedlings are about 20 days old. The planting distance is 30 cm between rows and 40 cm within rows. Holes are dug so that the top of the nutrient block aligns with the soil surface. Water is poured into the holes after they are filled, and the soil is then compacted and covered with plastic film. The greenhouse maintains a temperature of 22–25°C during the day and above 15°C at night to promote healthy growth.
After planting, it's important to cultivate the field promptly and avoid damaging the nutrient blocks. During the early flowering stage, the first pods are filled, and a small amount of water is applied. A total of 20 kg of diammonium phosphate is used as a base fertilizer. Fertilization should be done every 15 days, with 10 kg of urea per mu. Maintaining a wet-dry cycle helps prevent root rot and improves yield. The plastic cover is removed in early May when the weather becomes suitable for cowpea growth.
Pest and disease control is also critical. Aphids can be controlled by spraying 40% omethoate diluted 1,000 times. For cowpea rust, a clear powder is mixed with 30 kg of water and sprayed. Regular monitoring and timely action help maintain plant health.
Harvesting should be done promptly once the beans reach their full size. Delaying harvest can reduce quality and increase nutrient consumption, which may lower overall yield. Harvesting is usually done every 2–3 days, with care taken to avoid damaging the stems and leaves. This ensures a continuous supply of high-quality kidney beans and maximizes profitability.
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