Oxygen supplementation is a critical practice in ensuring the survival of fish during the winter season. In Shandong, several effective methods are used to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels in overwintering ponds. These include biological, mechanical, and chemical approaches, each with its own advantages and limitations.
One of the most cost-effective methods is biological oxygenation. This involves utilizing low-temperature and low-light conditions under ice to promote the growth of plankton. Through photosynthesis, these organisms generate oxygen, helping to maintain water quality. However, this method is weather-dependent and should be combined with other techniques like mechanical aeration for better results.
Another common approach is water injection and aeration. When the pond lacks sufficient water or has low oxygen levels, fresh water rich in dissolved oxygen can be introduced. This is particularly useful for small or leaking ponds. However, when using groundwater, it’s important to treat it first—through aeration, oxidation, and sedimentation—to ensure it's safe for fish.
Circulating water systems are also widely used. If the pond has enough water but is experiencing low oxygen levels, the existing water can be cycled through pumps or impellers to enhance oxygenation. This method works best when applied early and consistently.
Air injection is another technique where windmills or electric pumps push air into submerged tubes beneath the ice. The air bubbles rise through the water, increasing oxygen content. This is an efficient way to supplement oxygen in frozen ponds.
Some pond owners use ice holes to allow air to diffuse into the water. While this method helps, it is relatively slow and should be used in conjunction with more active methods.
For smaller or greenhouse-based systems, chemical oxygenation can be employed. Oxygen-releasing compounds are added directly to the water when hypoxia is detected. This provides a quick but temporary solution.
Biochemical oxygenation involves using artificial light sources such as iodine-tungsten lamps or high-power lights to stimulate phytoplankton activity. This enhances natural oxygen production and supports a healthier aquatic environment.
Enhanced aeration methods, such as jet aerators or saturated aerators, force oxygen into the water by agitating the surface. Additional techniques like magnetic oxygenation, electrochemical methods, and physical-chemical treatments are also being explored to improve efficiency.
In summary, proper wintering management is essential for maximizing fish survival and overall profitability. Local fish farmers have developed practical rules based on experience: "A snow-covered pond with froth means fish struggle; heavy snow on ice leads to fish death; spring brings warmth and less oxygen; always keep an eye on the water." These sayings highlight the importance of constant monitoring and proactive care throughout the winter months.
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