In the fall season, various pests such as mushrooms, mosquitoes, cockroaches, worms, and nematodes can cause damage. Other small animals like snails, rats, and lice may also contribute to some level of harm. Effective pest control is essential throughout the entire cultivation process, from the fermentation stage to mushroom management.
During the binder fermentation phase, one of the most effective methods is using insect nets to prevent insects from laying eggs. This method is cost-effective, easy to implement, and avoids the issue of chemical residues. Insect-repellent nets are particularly useful for general vegetable growing, even preventing tiny mushroom flies from entering. Additionally, low-residue, high-efficiency pesticides can be applied on the material tables, but it's important to use them in minimal concentrations to avoid residue problems. If possible, clinker cultivation should be used when conditions allow. Pest control during this stage also helps eliminate bacteria and pathogens. For species like *Agaricus bisporus* and *Agaricus blazei*, secondary fermentation at 60°C for two days can effectively kill all life stages of pests, including eggs, larvae, and adults. Although this increases production costs slightly, it offers multiple benefits, such as eliminating odors, reducing bacterial contamination, and ensuring a more uniform substrate.
During the seed germination stage, many pests enter the system, especially in species like *Pleurotus ostreatus* and *Coprinus comatus*, which have microporous bags allowing easy entry for insects. To manage this, high-density screens should be installed on vents, doors, and windows, and light should be kept controlled to prevent adult pests from entering. Regular monitoring is crucial—when pests are found, low-concentration pyrethroid sprays or even water mist can be used to knock them down. If the surrounding area is unsanitary (e.g., near garbage, toilets, or manure piles), regular spraying of insecticides on walls and floors is necessary to prevent infestation.
In the mushroom management phase, maintaining good hygiene and environmental control is key. High-density screens should cover all openings, and light levels should be reduced to minimize pest attraction. Water used for irrigation should be clean, such as well or tap water, rather than stagnant water from ditches or ponds. A lime barrier of 1–2 meters around entrances can help keep pests and small animals out. During non-fruiting periods, pyrethroids and disinfectants like formaldehyde or bleaching powder can be used, but no chemicals should be applied during fruiting to avoid affecting the quality of the mushrooms.
When pests are detected, it’s important to choose the right insecticides carefully, considering both residue and phytotoxicity risks. For low pest density, spraying with highly efficient, low-residue pyrethroids in the air or on the surface of the substrate can be effective. For moderate infestations, eggs may be laid in the material, so immediate action is needed. For example, DDV diluted 800 times can be applied to the material and covered with plastic for 3–5 hours. For insect pests, 1,000-fold dilution of insecticides like broom special or alcohol-based sprays can be used. Nematodes can be treated with a 0.5% formaldehyde solution, also under plastic coverage for 2–4 hours.
If severe infestations occur—such as brown spots on the material or worm damage to the stems—it may be too late for spraying. At this point, using aluminum phosphide for fumigation is an option. The method involves lighting up the crop, covering the area with plastic, placing aluminum phosphide tablets in 1-meter intervals, sealing the plastic tightly, and leaving it for 8–10 hours. Afterward, the plastic must be removed slowly, and the waste should be properly disposed of. Always ensure fast operation, tight sealing, and proper ventilation after removal.
This comprehensive approach ensures that pests are managed efficiently while maintaining the quality and safety of the cultivated mushrooms.
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