Maize dwarf disease is a viral infection primarily spread by the small brown planthopper, *Laodelphax striatellus*. Another significant viral threat to corn is maize dwarf mosaic disease, which causes mottled or streaked yellowing on the leaves. Affected plants are stunted, often growing only half the normal height, and their leaves may curl inward along the veins. Early symptoms include small, greenish-transparent spots on the leaves, which gradually develop into waxy white stripes along the main veins. Meanwhile, other parts of the leaf remain dark green, stiff, short, and thick.
Although corn can be infected at any stage of growth, it is most vulnerable during the early growth phase, particularly between the 6-leaf and 10-leaf stages. Infection before the 6-leaf stage leads to more severe symptoms, while resistance increases after the 10-leaf stage. Therefore, early infection results in greater damage. Maize dwarf mosaic is transmitted by aphids, while the dwarfism virus is spread by grasshoppers. Both pests overwinter on weeds in fields and abandoned areas. Perennial weeds and certain cereal crops like wheat serve as reservoirs for the virus. As a result, weeds, aphids, and grasshoppers act as key vectors that introduce the virus into corn fields.
Environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, influence the survival and reproduction of these pests, making them critical elements in the spread of viral diseases. Effective prevention and control require an integrated approach that combines pest management with disease control. First, planting resistant varieties suited to local conditions is essential. Second, removing weeds along field edges and ditches promptly helps reduce virus sources. Third, proper farming practices—such as using mulch, improving irrigation, and managing fertilization—can boost plant resilience.
Insecticides should be applied to control aphids and grasshoppers on weeds and within the corn fields. Recommended options include 10% imidacloprid wettable powder diluted 3000–5000 times, 25% buprofezin WP at 1000–1500 times, 4.5% cypermethrin EC at 1500–2000 times, or 5% Ruijin special at 30–50 ml per hectare. Other options include 20% isoprocarb EC at 150–200 ml, 48% chlorpyrifos (Loseburn) at 100–120 ml, and 50% Pifu Fog wettable powder at 6–8 grams per 50–60 liters of water. For newly infected plants, early application of Ningnanmycin or other foliar treatments can help manage the disease.
Timely spraying is crucial—waiting until symptoms become visible (usually around the 9–10 leaf stage) is often too late. Additionally, maize dwarf mosaic can be seed-borne, so strict seed management is necessary. Seeds should be produced in virus-free regions to minimize the risk of contamination and transmission. Proactive measures, including early detection and prompt intervention, are vital to reducing the impact of these viral diseases on corn production.
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