Apricot trees are resilient fruit trees that thrive in challenging environments. They are commonly found in the poor soils of northern and northwestern China, including areas with sloping land that lacks water retention and nutrient-holding capacity. Due to limited irrigation, natural rainfall is often lost quickly, leading to low soil moisture levels. Farmers often find that apricot trees are not overly sensitive to soil texture, which has resulted in minimal regular soil management practices in these regions. This lack of attention leads to poor root development and overall tree health, creating long-term challenges for fruit production.
As a deep-rooted species, apricots prefer well-structured, sandy loam soils. However, in many northern Chinese regions, the soil tends to be thin and infertile, making it difficult to meet the nutritional needs of the trees. Therefore, improving orchard soil conditions is crucial for healthy growth and high-quality fruit yield. Below are some effective methods for deep soil cultivation and improvement.
Good soil management plays a vital role in maintaining loose, well-aerated soil, which supports beneficial microbial activity. This environment encourages strong root development, which is essential for efficient water and nutrient uptake. A robust root system ensures that the above-ground parts of the tree have a solid foundation for growth and fruiting. Thus, enhancing soil management is key to achieving high yields and stable production of quality fruits.
One of the main methods for deep soil improvement is deep plowing combined with organic manure. This process increases the depth of the living soil, enhances fertility, and improves physical and chemical properties. It also promotes nutrient transformation and stimulates microbial activity, accelerating soil maturation. Deep plowing increases soil porosity, improves water retention, and enhances aeration. When combined with organic fertilizers, it boosts microbial populations, speeds up organic matter decomposition, and increases soil fertility. For shallow or infertile soils, this method is especially effective.
The best time for deep turning is after harvest, during the autumn season when base fertilizer is applied and water storage irrigation is done. At this time, the tree's roots can heal quickly and develop new ones, supporting better growth. Additionally, deep plowing after winter helps in soil weathering and moisture conservation.
The depth of plowing should be adjusted based on local conditions and soil type. Soils with good structure and deep root systems should be turned deeper, while heavier or sandy soils may require shallower plowing. The groundwater level also affects the depth—lower levels allow for deeper work.
There are several methods for deep soil turning:
1. **Deep Turning of the Entire Orchard**: This involves deeply cultivating the entire area outside the planting holes. It’s ideal for flatlands or gently sloped areas. Although labor-intensive at first, it makes land leveling easier and simplifies orchard management.
2. **Hole Expansion**: During the sapling stage, the planting hole is gradually expanded outward as the roots grow. This method connects with previous deep plows, avoiding any gaps between rows.
3. **Interlaced Deep Turning**: In established orchards, every other row is turned each year, ensuring only one side of the root system is disturbed at a time. This reduces stress on the tree. The ditch should be at least 1 meter away from the trunk.
Important considerations include carefully handling the roots during manual deep turning. Topsoil and subsoil should be separated to reduce root damage. Roots larger than 1 cm must not be broken, as this can slow or stop growth. Smaller roots, however, will heal quickly and produce new growth. All dug-up roots should be protected from drying, exposure, or freezing. Large roots must be repaired immediately.
When applying fertilizers, fill the surface soil first, then add organic materials like compost, green manure, grass, and straw. Typically, about one cubic meter of organic fertilizer per tree is recommended, along with 20–40 kg of mixed fertilizer and phosphate. Organic material should be thoroughly mixed with the soil, and non-degradable branches should be placed at the bottom of the trench.
After filling the ditch, ensure the soil is compacted and leveled. Watering the area afterward helps the roots establish quickly and maintain good contact with the soil.
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