Longchuan County is located in the northeastern part of Guangdong Province and has about 440,000 mu of arable land, including about 300,000 mu of paddy fields. It is a commodity grain base county in Guangdong Province. With abundant sunshine, abundant heat, abundant water supply, four distinct seasons, no summer heat, no cold winter, and almost no industrial and environmental pollution, it is an ideal area for the development of pollution-free rice. However, due to the overlap of mountains in the south and north of this county, the eastern and western mountains are surrounded by mountains, and the Dongjiang runs through the north and south, forming complex terrain with mountains, hills, small plains, and valley basins, resulting in the diversity of the county’s climate, and therefore various types of areas. The quality of rice produced varies greatly: the quality of rice produced in small plains, river valley basins, and hills is generally good; in mountainous areas, because of the special environment, the quality of rice produced is good. For example, in the mountainous villages in the mountains of the northern part of the county, such as Shangping, Xizhuang, Beiling, Yanzhen, and Azabugang, and other towns, the quality of rice produced is significantly better than that of other rice. After analyzing the reasons for the superior quality of rice in such areas and combining with the modern cultivation techniques of high-quality hybrid rice, it is proposed that mountain areas should produce high-quality pollution-free hybrid rice, and the following links must be noted:
I. Selection of suitable production environment The natural environment such as soil, water, and atmosphere in the production area is not polluted by industry, life, or other factors. According to investigations, the fields producing high-quality rice have the following common features: First, the location is generally at an elevation of 300. More than 2 meters above the mountain slope in the high mountain area; Second, the soil is high in natural fertility in the yellow muddy fields, white muddy muddy fields; Third, the water sources are natural precipitation seeping from the mountains, clean, cool, without any pollution, the surrounding natural vegetation is good , The air humidity is higher; Fourth, the fields are steep slope terraces in the mountainous area, small, mostly narrow strips, the field ventilation and light transmission conditions are significantly better than Pingshuo Datian; fifth is the Dakou winter Daotian.
Second, select the high-yield and high-quality varieties According to the test, the available high-quality hybrid rice varieties are Fengyouyouzhan, Fengyoumiao, and other miscellaneous soft sweets. Because the general disease-resistance and high-yield quality of specific high-quality rice are slightly poor, the natural conditions in different parts of the country are not the same. Therefore, they must not be directly introduced after blind introduction in different regions. The selection of improved varieties should be based on actual conditions.
Third, optimize cultivation techniques
1. Suitable sowing, dry and vigorous breeding: appropriate sowing is an important technical link to ensure the quality and yield of high-quality rice. The sowing schedule for producing high quality rice should consider the temperature conditions from heading and flowering to the grain filling period, so that the temperature is in the range of 15-28°C (the best temperature for forming high quality rice) during this period, so as to effectively avoid the high temperature in midsummer and avoid overheating due to high temperature. Rice quality deteriorates and yields decrease. In the second high mountain area of ​​this county, the earliest best sowing date is in the middle or late March. The plastic film covers the breeding seedlings to ensure safe seeding and seedling cultivation. The late seeding seedlings will be planted by the end of June, and the seedlings will be planted to transplant seedlings. It is not appropriate to throw seedlings to ensure safe heading and fruiting. In other regions, the sowing date should be reasonably determined based on the local climate.
2. Wide lines and narrow lines, appropriate thinning: The air quality of rice fields is not only closely related to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, but also has a direct impact on rice quality. In the case of sufficient water and fertilizer, the better ventilation and light transmission in rice fields, the better the quality of rice in a single plant. Therefore, in the production of high-quality rice, the methods of planting seedlings should adopt narrow and wide rows, or wide rows of narrow plants, and the east-west direction should be preferred. The number of basic seedlings should be 5%-10% less than that of normal paddy fields, narrow lines and suitable thinning should be adopted to increase the ventilation and light transmission in the fields, improve the growth conditions of rice, thereby reducing the amount of pesticides applied, and reducing the pollution of rice by pesticides. Rice quality.
3. Increase organic manure, control nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium: According to research, the quantity and application method of fertilizers have great influence on the occurrence of rice pests and diseases and rice quality. To produce high-quality non-polluted rice, it is necessary to grasp the principle of “increasing application of organic fertilizer, controlling nitrogen and phosphorus, and potassiumâ€. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the perishable farmyard fertilizer is applied per acre (for example, "warm" fertilizer such as cattle pen droppings and chicken manure), 2000 kg or more, 50 kg of bio-organic compound fertilizer, 1 kg of biological potash fertilizer, 20 potassium superphosphate Kilograms; tiller fertilizer application of urea 5-8 kilograms per mu, potassium chloride 5-8 kilograms; young panicle differentiation and booting period see seedlings as appropriate top-dressing; break before and after the combination of pest control with 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5 % of urea and spray foliar fertilizers for extra-root fertilizer. Note that in the later stage of rice growth, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled, and nitrogen fertilizer must not be applied. Otherwise, rice diseases and pests will be aggravated and the quality of rice will be deteriorated.
4. Wet and dry combination, scientific irrigation and drainage: Rational water management is not only an effective measure to reduce rice pests and diseases, but also an important means to improve the quality of rice. To produce high-quality, non-polluted rice, the early goal of paddy field water management should be to reduce ineffective tillering, narrow the gap between the main panicle and tiller panicles, and lay a foundation for improving the quality of rice; the latter goal should be to increase the vitality of the root system and enhance rice plant resistance. , reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, increase rice quality and yield. In order to achieve this goal, the water should be promoted by shallow water in the tillering period to make the seedlings grow quickly and long; the rice should be properly suntanned after enough seedlings to reduce the invalid tillers and enhance plant resistance; the spikelet differentiation, heading and filling stages should be Shallow water ground irrigation, must not cut off water prematurely, so as not to affect the appearance and quality of rice; grouting maturity should be combined with irrigation, dry and wet strong seed; timely maturity of the yellow ripening drainage field to promote maturity.
5. To prevent the main, comprehensive control of pests and diseases: the production of high-quality pollution-free rice, we must adhere to the prevention, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. The first is to select good varieties with good resistance; the second is to do a good job of seed disinfection, field winter turnover, disease destruction, manure high temperature composting and other agricultural control work to reduce the base number of pests; Third, in accordance with the technical requirements of high-quality pollution-free rice production Do a good job of field fertilizer and water management, and control the occurrence of pests and diseases; Fourth, pay attention to forecasting and forecasting, when diseases and pests meet prevention and control targets, timely drug control; Fifth, scientific drug use, try to use high-efficiency, low toxicity, low residual biopesticides or biochemical pesticides, The use of chemical pesticides with high toxicity and long residual period is strictly prohibited. At the same time, improve the method of spraying, and modify the festival to reduce the spraying of sprayer to reduce the pollution of pesticides to rice and soil. If conditions are available, physical and biological control techniques such as frequency-vibration insecticidal lamp can also be used to reduce the amount of pesticides and improve the quality of rice. .
Fourth, the timely harvest should be harvested after the yellow ripening period, premature, too late harvest, rice taste is poor, and more broken rice after processing. Especially in the high rainfall seasons in the high mountains of the second high mountain area, if the rice is not harvested after ripening, the rice quality will deteriorate and the taste will decline after the ear of rice is showered. High-quality rice should be harvested after dew on dry sunny days, dried, air-dried or intermittently dried after threshing, and mechanical drying can be used to better conditions. Be careful not to expose to high temperature under strong sunlight, otherwise it will cause rice breakage, increase broken rice and reduce the rate of whole millet; moreover, it should not be allowed to dry on asphalt pavement, otherwise it will not only reduce the taste of rice, but also cause rice to be contaminated by carcinogenic chemicals. , Making high-quality pollution-free rice production fall short. (517300 Longchuan County Agricultural Technology Extension Center)
I. Selection of suitable production environment The natural environment such as soil, water, and atmosphere in the production area is not polluted by industry, life, or other factors. According to investigations, the fields producing high-quality rice have the following common features: First, the location is generally at an elevation of 300. More than 2 meters above the mountain slope in the high mountain area; Second, the soil is high in natural fertility in the yellow muddy fields, white muddy muddy fields; Third, the water sources are natural precipitation seeping from the mountains, clean, cool, without any pollution, the surrounding natural vegetation is good , The air humidity is higher; Fourth, the fields are steep slope terraces in the mountainous area, small, mostly narrow strips, the field ventilation and light transmission conditions are significantly better than Pingshuo Datian; fifth is the Dakou winter Daotian.
Second, select the high-yield and high-quality varieties According to the test, the available high-quality hybrid rice varieties are Fengyouyouzhan, Fengyoumiao, and other miscellaneous soft sweets. Because the general disease-resistance and high-yield quality of specific high-quality rice are slightly poor, the natural conditions in different parts of the country are not the same. Therefore, they must not be directly introduced after blind introduction in different regions. The selection of improved varieties should be based on actual conditions.
Third, optimize cultivation techniques
1. Suitable sowing, dry and vigorous breeding: appropriate sowing is an important technical link to ensure the quality and yield of high-quality rice. The sowing schedule for producing high quality rice should consider the temperature conditions from heading and flowering to the grain filling period, so that the temperature is in the range of 15-28°C (the best temperature for forming high quality rice) during this period, so as to effectively avoid the high temperature in midsummer and avoid overheating due to high temperature. Rice quality deteriorates and yields decrease. In the second high mountain area of ​​this county, the earliest best sowing date is in the middle or late March. The plastic film covers the breeding seedlings to ensure safe seeding and seedling cultivation. The late seeding seedlings will be planted by the end of June, and the seedlings will be planted to transplant seedlings. It is not appropriate to throw seedlings to ensure safe heading and fruiting. In other regions, the sowing date should be reasonably determined based on the local climate.
2. Wide lines and narrow lines, appropriate thinning: The air quality of rice fields is not only closely related to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, but also has a direct impact on rice quality. In the case of sufficient water and fertilizer, the better ventilation and light transmission in rice fields, the better the quality of rice in a single plant. Therefore, in the production of high-quality rice, the methods of planting seedlings should adopt narrow and wide rows, or wide rows of narrow plants, and the east-west direction should be preferred. The number of basic seedlings should be 5%-10% less than that of normal paddy fields, narrow lines and suitable thinning should be adopted to increase the ventilation and light transmission in the fields, improve the growth conditions of rice, thereby reducing the amount of pesticides applied, and reducing the pollution of rice by pesticides. Rice quality.
3. Increase organic manure, control nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium: According to research, the quantity and application method of fertilizers have great influence on the occurrence of rice pests and diseases and rice quality. To produce high-quality non-polluted rice, it is necessary to grasp the principle of “increasing application of organic fertilizer, controlling nitrogen and phosphorus, and potassiumâ€. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and the perishable farmyard fertilizer is applied per acre (for example, "warm" fertilizer such as cattle pen droppings and chicken manure), 2000 kg or more, 50 kg of bio-organic compound fertilizer, 1 kg of biological potash fertilizer, 20 potassium superphosphate Kilograms; tiller fertilizer application of urea 5-8 kilograms per mu, potassium chloride 5-8 kilograms; young panicle differentiation and booting period see seedlings as appropriate top-dressing; break before and after the combination of pest control with 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate plus 0.5 % of urea and spray foliar fertilizers for extra-root fertilizer. Note that in the later stage of rice growth, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be strictly controlled, and nitrogen fertilizer must not be applied. Otherwise, rice diseases and pests will be aggravated and the quality of rice will be deteriorated.
4. Wet and dry combination, scientific irrigation and drainage: Rational water management is not only an effective measure to reduce rice pests and diseases, but also an important means to improve the quality of rice. To produce high-quality, non-polluted rice, the early goal of paddy field water management should be to reduce ineffective tillering, narrow the gap between the main panicle and tiller panicles, and lay a foundation for improving the quality of rice; the latter goal should be to increase the vitality of the root system and enhance rice plant resistance. , reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, increase rice quality and yield. In order to achieve this goal, the water should be promoted by shallow water in the tillering period to make the seedlings grow quickly and long; the rice should be properly suntanned after enough seedlings to reduce the invalid tillers and enhance plant resistance; the spikelet differentiation, heading and filling stages should be Shallow water ground irrigation, must not cut off water prematurely, so as not to affect the appearance and quality of rice; grouting maturity should be combined with irrigation, dry and wet strong seed; timely maturity of the yellow ripening drainage field to promote maturity.
5. To prevent the main, comprehensive control of pests and diseases: the production of high-quality pollution-free rice, we must adhere to the prevention, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. The first is to select good varieties with good resistance; the second is to do a good job of seed disinfection, field winter turnover, disease destruction, manure high temperature composting and other agricultural control work to reduce the base number of pests; Third, in accordance with the technical requirements of high-quality pollution-free rice production Do a good job of field fertilizer and water management, and control the occurrence of pests and diseases; Fourth, pay attention to forecasting and forecasting, when diseases and pests meet prevention and control targets, timely drug control; Fifth, scientific drug use, try to use high-efficiency, low toxicity, low residual biopesticides or biochemical pesticides, The use of chemical pesticides with high toxicity and long residual period is strictly prohibited. At the same time, improve the method of spraying, and modify the festival to reduce the spraying of sprayer to reduce the pollution of pesticides to rice and soil. If conditions are available, physical and biological control techniques such as frequency-vibration insecticidal lamp can also be used to reduce the amount of pesticides and improve the quality of rice. .
Fourth, the timely harvest should be harvested after the yellow ripening period, premature, too late harvest, rice taste is poor, and more broken rice after processing. Especially in the high rainfall seasons in the high mountains of the second high mountain area, if the rice is not harvested after ripening, the rice quality will deteriorate and the taste will decline after the ear of rice is showered. High-quality rice should be harvested after dew on dry sunny days, dried, air-dried or intermittently dried after threshing, and mechanical drying can be used to better conditions. Be careful not to expose to high temperature under strong sunlight, otherwise it will cause rice breakage, increase broken rice and reduce the rate of whole millet; moreover, it should not be allowed to dry on asphalt pavement, otherwise it will not only reduce the taste of rice, but also cause rice to be contaminated by carcinogenic chemicals. , Making high-quality pollution-free rice production fall short. (517300 Longchuan County Agricultural Technology Extension Center)
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