Oxygen supplementation is a critical aspect of ensuring the survival of fish during winter. In Shandong, several effective methods are employed to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels in overwintering ponds. These techniques not only help sustain fish health but also contribute to better overall productivity.
One of the most cost-effective and natural approaches is biological oxygenation. This method relies on low-temperature and low-light conditions under the ice to promote the growth of plankton. As these microorganisms photosynthesize, they naturally produce oxygen, improving water quality. While this method is simple and economical, it can be affected by weather conditions. Therefore, it is often combined with mechanical aeration or other supplementary methods for better results.
Another technique involves injecting fresh water into the pond when oxygen levels drop. This method is particularly useful for small or leaking ponds where water volume is limited. However, if groundwater is used, it must be properly treated—such as aerated, oxidized, and allowed to settle—to avoid introducing harmful substances into the pond.
For larger ponds with sufficient water, a circulation system can be used to replenish oxygen. By pumping water through the pond and using slurry impellers, oxygen can be evenly distributed. This process should be done regularly and early, following the principle of "early supplement, frequent check, and timely adjustment."
Air pumps driven by windmills or other power sources are also commonly used. These systems push air through pipes beneath the ice, creating bubbles that dissolve into the water, increasing oxygen levels. This method is especially effective in deep or large ponds where natural oxygenation is limited.
Some ponds use ice holes to allow atmospheric oxygen to diffuse into the water. However, research shows that this process is very slow. Therefore, it is best used in conjunction with more efficient methods to ensure sufficient oxygen supply.
In smaller, controlled environments like greenhouses, chemical oxygenation may be applied during hypoxic conditions. Certain oxygen-releasing compounds can quickly boost dissolved oxygen levels when needed.
Biochemical oxygenation involves using artificial light sources, such as iodine-tungsten lamps or high-intensity lights, to stimulate phytoplankton growth. This increases natural oxygen production through photosynthesis, which is especially useful in low-light winter conditions.
Enhanced oxygenation techniques include mechanical agitation, where air is mixed with water and delivered directly into the pond. Devices like jet aerators or saturated aerators can significantly improve oxygen levels. Additional methods, such as electrochemical, magnetic, or physical-chemical oxygenation, are also being explored for their effectiveness in different scenarios.
In summary, safe fish wintering is essential for maximizing yields and minimizing losses. Local farmers have developed practical guidelines based on experience, such as: “A snow-covered ice layer means fish struggle; spring thaw brings less oxygen, so always stay alert.†These sayings highlight the importance of consistent monitoring and proactive management throughout the winter season. With proper care and the right oxygenation strategies, fish can survive the cold months safely and thrive when spring arrives.
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