Transformation of low-yielding tea gardens and autumn and winter management techniques

Soil is the foundation of a tea plantation, and fertilizer is like food for the tea plant. Improving and fertilizing the tea garden is a crucial technical step in transforming low-yield tea fields. It also serves as the basis for shaping the tea tree canopy and enhancing the quality of the tea. First, deep plowing across the entire area to improve soil structure. Tea plants have deep roots that can extend up to 1-2 meters. Therefore, the soil in the tea garden must have a deep structure with an effective soil layer of at least 80 cm. For high-yielding gardens, this layer should be over 100 cm. However, many tea gardens in our region suffer from shallow effective soil layers due to erosion, leaching, or lack of deep plowing before planting. This leads to poor yields. To address this, during autumn and winter, we should perform deep plowing along the edges of the tea bushes, digging trenches 60–70 cm deep and 60 cm wide. The topsoil should then be returned to the trench to completely rejuvenate the soil. Second, enhance management and improve fertility. The growth of tea plants depends not only on the levels of nutrients but also on their balance. According to data, producing 50 kg of dry tea requires about 2.25 kg of nitrogen, 0.6 kg of phosphorus, 1.25 kg of potassium, and 1.16 kg of magnesium. However, the actual nutrient uptake is higher due to root, leaf, flower, and fruit consumption. Excessive nitrogen can interfere with potassium and magnesium absorption, while deficiencies in trace elements can disrupt overall nutrient balance. Soil rich in organic matter has better buffering capacity and plays a key role in maintaining nutrient equilibrium. High-yield tea gardens typically have more than 1.5% organic matter, with total nitrogen above 0.1%, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium above 100, 10, and 80 ppm, respectively. Many local tea gardens have low organic matter and poor nutrient retention, leading to imbalanced fertilization and reduced yield and quality. To fix this, it's essential to strengthen fertilizer management. During winter, apply 250–300 kg of cake fertilizer per mu, 8,000–10,000 kg of compost, 30–50 kg of phosphate, and 15–25 kg of potash, combined with inorganic or microbial fertilizers. Third, strengthen winter protection against pests and diseases. In recent years, the Yiling Tea Region has experienced widespread pest and disease outbreaks, spreading from high to low altitudes. Effective winter protection helps reduce pest populations for the following year. Measures include pruning and removing diseased branches and leaves, burning them outside the garden, and thoroughly disinfecting the area after harvest using a 0.5–0.7° Bordeaux mixture. This ensures complete coverage and effective control.

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