The principles of feed preparation are essential for ensuring the health, growth, and productivity of geese. First, it's important to select appropriate feeding standards based on the goose species, their growth stage, and the intended production purpose. This helps meet their physiological needs without causing nutritional waste. Second, local feed resources should be utilized to reduce costs while maintaining the required nutrient levels, thus maximizing economic returns for farmers. Third, choosing feeds with good palatability and a balanced amount of raw materials ensures that geese can consume enough nutrients. Fourth, using a variety of ingredients in feed formulation allows for the complementary effects of different nutrients, improving overall diet quality. Fifth, certain feed ingredients need careful control—such as leguminous hay powder, which is high in protein and should make up 15 to 30% of the diet, while high-protein but poorly digestible ingredients like feather meal or blood meal should be limited to 5% or less. Lastly, the quality of all raw materials must be high, free from mold and pesticide contamination.
When preparing feed, grains and seeds such as rice, wheat, broad beans, and corn should be crushed or ground to improve digestibility. However, they should not be too fine to avoid choking or difficulty in swallowing. A medium particle size is usually best. Fresh green feeds like vegetables and kale should be cleaned and chopped into strips to preserve vitamins and prevent spoilage. Root vegetables such as carrots and pumpkins should also be cut and fed fresh. Harder grains like corn, wheat, and rice can be soaked to soften them, making them easier for geese to eat and digest. For example, broken rice given to goslings should be soaked for about an hour before feeding, but not for too long to avoid spoilage. Bran feed should be mixed with other ingredients to enhance palatability and reduce waste.
Cooking cereals, seeds, roots, and fruits like corn, wheat, barley, carrots, and squash can improve taste and digestion, though some heat-sensitive nutrients may be lost in the process.
In terms of feed composition, the diet should include 30 to 70% seed and its by-products, 15 to 30% tuber roots and by-products (dry weight), 5 to 10% animal protein, 5 to 20% plant protein, 10 to 30% green feed and grass powder, along with calcium, salt, and other additives as needed.
For mixing methods, the powder mixing method involves processing all ingredients into dry powder and blending them evenly, then pressing into pellets. This saves time and labor and prevents geese from being picky eaters. The powder and granule mixing method involves keeping some grains in granular form and mixing them with powdered ingredients, feeding multiple times a day. Animal protein, calcium, salt, and additives should be added separately. The fine and coarse material mixing method combines concentrated feed powder with chopped green grass or root vegetables, with calcium and additives mixed in the powder. Sand can be kept in a separate container. Feeding using this method may lead to nutrient imbalances if not carefully managed, so attention is required to ensure a well-balanced diet.
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