Broccoli cultivation requires careful planning and attention to detail, especially in soil preparation. Since broccoli has a shallow root system but needs high nutrient levels, it should be planted in well-drained, fertile soil that retains moisture. A balanced base fertilizer is essential—typically 100 kg of organic manure, 10 kg of urea, 25 kg of compound fertilizer (with 15% NPK), and 2 kg of borax per 667 square meters. The field should be prepared with furrows spaced 50–70 cm apart, ensuring good drainage and easy access for maintenance.
When it comes to seedling production, the timing depends on the variety and local climate. In Qingdao, spring planting usually starts between late January and early February. Seedlings are often raised in greenhouses with double-layered plastic covers, maintaining an ideal temperature of 25°C after germination. Once the seedlings emerge, temperatures should be reduced to 18–20°C. About 15 grams of seeds per 667 square meters are used, and seedlings are ready for transplanting after about 40 days, when they have 4–5 true leaves. In autumn, seedlings are sown in open fields in early July, covered with shade nets initially, and removed once the plants start to grow. Weeding and pest control are critical during this stage to prevent damping-off and underground pests.
Field management is crucial for healthy growth. In spring, it's important to remove plastic covers and ensure proper ventilation as temperatures rise. Weeds must be removed promptly, and insecticides may be applied if necessary. Applying 40 kg of ammonium sulfate and 10 kg of potassium fertilizer per 667 square meters helps support robust growth. In the fall, after transplanting, seedlings need regular watering and timely weeding. Root development should be encouraged, and irrigation should be carefully managed to avoid both drought and waterlogging. Regular monitoring for pests and diseases is essential, and pruning lateral branches can help direct nutrients to the main head.
For regenerative cultivation, applying a small amount of fertilizer 7–10 days before harvesting the main flower head can promote the growth of side shoots, extending the harvest period and increasing yield. Typically, 1–2 side shoots per plant are left for general market use, while up to 4–6 can be kept for quick-freezing purposes. According to our experiments, this method can increase yield by about 200 kg per 667 square meters, with a high-quality flower rate reaching around 30%.
Harvesting broccoli at the right time is vital. If harvested too early, the buds may not be fully developed, leading to lower quality. If delayed, especially in hot weather, the flowers may become loose or yellow, reducing market value. Adequate water supply is essential throughout the growing season to maintain quality. Proper pre-harvest irrigation can improve both yield and appearance.
For imported broccoli, the ideal standard includes compact, uniform flower buds, bright green color, no loose flowers, and a height of 11–13 cm from the top of the head to the base. Following these guidelines ensures that the product meets international quality standards and remains competitive in the global market.
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