Broccoli cultivation requires careful attention to soil preparation, seedling management, field care, and timely harvesting. For optimal growth, the soil should be rich in nutrients and have good water retention. A base fertilizer is essential, with a recommendation of 100 kg of organic manure, 10 kg of urea, 25 kg of compound fertilizer (with 15% NPK), and 2 kg of borax per 667 square meters. The furrows should be 50–70 cm wide, allowing for proper root development and moisture retention.
Seedlings are typically started in greenhouses or open fields depending on the season. In Qingdao, spring sowing usually begins in late January to early February. Seedlings are grown under double-layered plastic films, with an ideal germination temperature of 25°C. After emergence, the temperature should be maintained at 18–20°C. About 15 grams of seeds per 667 square meters are used, and seedlings are ready for transplanting after about 40 days, when they have 4–5 leaves. In autumn, sowing starts in early July, with shade nets used after broadcasting. These nets are removed once the seedlings emerge to prevent damping-off and underground pests. Fall seedlings may grow slightly faster than spring ones, and they are transplanted after 25 days, with a planting density of 2,000–2,500 plants per acre.
Field management is crucial for healthy growth. In spring, it's important to remove covers or small sheds as the weather changes. Weeding and pest control should be done promptly. A top dressing of 40 kg of ammonium sulfate and 10 kg of potassium fertilizer per 667 square meters is recommended. In the fall, after transplanting, regular watering and weeding are necessary. Root pruning helps prevent waterlogging and drought. Monitoring for pests and removing weak lateral branches ensures better nutrient distribution to the main stem.
For regenerative cultivation, applying additional fertilizer 7–10 days before harvest can help produce larger side shoots and extend the harvest period. Typically, 1–2 side shoots per plant are left, but up to 4–6 may be kept for quick freezing. According to our experiments, this method can increase yield by 200 kg per 667 square meters, with a high-quality flower rate of around 30%.
Harvesting must be done at the right time. If harvested too early, the buds may not be fully developed, leading to lower quality. Delayed harvesting, especially in hot weather, can result in flowering and yellowing. Proper irrigation before harvest improves both yield and quality. For imported broccoli, the ideal size is compact, bright green flower buds measuring 11–13 cm from the top of the head to the base. Ensuring these standards helps maintain market value and consumer satisfaction.
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