The cause and prevention of abnormal fruit formation in strawberry

Strawberries are small, soft, and juicy berries. However, improper management can significantly affect their quality. Several issues commonly occur during cultivation, including malformed fruits, white fruit, abnormal fruit shapes, raised seeds, and hollow or "virtual" fruits. Each of these problems has specific causes and control measures that farmers should be aware of. Malformed fruits are those with irregular shapes caused by incomplete pollination and fertilization. In protected cultivation, the incidence can reach up to 30%, which greatly reduces the market value of the crop. The main causes include poor pollination, which is influenced by several factors such as low temperatures (below 10°C) that hinder pollen germination, high or low humidity that affects anther dehiscence and stigma fertility, lack of pollinators like bees, and the use of certain pesticides that reduce pollen viability. To manage this, it's important to choose varieties with strong pollen germination, mix different cultivars, maintain proper temperature and humidity in greenhouses, ensure good ventilation, and avoid pesticide use during flowering. White fruit is another issue where the berries appear pale or yellowish, with no color development. This is often due to excessive nitrogen, insufficient phosphorus and potassium, lack of light during fruit coloring, or low sugar levels. Japanese varieties tend to be more resistant than European ones. Prevention involves balanced fertilization, reducing nitrogen, increasing phosphorus and potassium, and ensuring adequate light exposure. Abnormal fruit shapes, such as "chicken crown" fruits, result from improper flower bud differentiation, often due to imbalanced nutrition, especially low nitrogen and high boron. This leads to malformed buds and uneven fruit development. Preventive measures include avoiding excessive nitrogen, applying trace elements like boron, and ensuring sufficient light and proper watering. Raised seed fruits occur when the seeds on the surface of the berry become prominent, making the fruit small, hard, and sour. This is common in dry soil conditions and high temperatures in greenhouses. Proper greenhouse orientation and shading can help prevent this issue. Virtual fruits, also known as hollow fruits, are caused by overuse of fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers, leading to weak plants, soft and flavorless fruit, and reduced storage ability. Management includes using organic fertilizers, avoiding excessive top-dressing, and maintaining proper irrigation throughout the growing season. In addition, extreme temperatures can negatively impact fruit size, color, and taste. Excessive rain and poor sunlight can lead to unripe tips, known as "green head fruit." Therefore, it's crucial for growers to implement effective management strategies to maintain high-quality strawberries and avoid quality degradation.

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