The cause and prevention of abnormal fruit formation in strawberry

Strawberries are small, soft, and juicy berries that are highly sensitive to improper management, which can significantly impact fruit quality. Several common issues can arise during cultivation, including deformed fruits, white fruits, misshapen fruits, raised seeds, and hollow or "virtual" fruits. Understanding the causes and implementing proper control measures is essential for maintaining high-quality yields. One of the most common problems is **deformed fruit**, which occurs when pollination and fertilization are incomplete. This issue is particularly prevalent in protected cultivation, with an incidence rate of up to 30%, severely affecting the market value of the fruit. The main cause is poor pollination, influenced by factors such as low pollen germination power, temperature fluctuations, humidity levels, lack of pollinators, and pesticide use. To prevent this, farmers should choose varieties with strong pollen viability, mix different types for better cross-pollination, manage greenhouse conditions carefully, introduce bees for pollination, and limit pesticide application during flowering. Another issue is **white fruit**, where the berries fail to develop color and appear pale or yellowish. This often results from excessive nitrogen, insufficient phosphorus and potassium, poor light exposure, or low sugar content. Japanese varieties tend to be more resistant than European ones. Prevention involves balanced fertilization, reducing nitrogen, increasing phosphorus and potassium, and ensuring adequate sunlight and ventilation. **Misshapen fruits**, also known as "chicken crown" fruits, occur due to irregular flower bud development. This can be caused by imbalanced nutrition, especially a lack of boron, leading to malformed buds and abnormal fruit shapes. Proper nutrient management, timely watering, and sufficient light exposure before flowering can help prevent this problem. **Fruits with raised seeds** are small, hard, and sour, often appearing in greenhouses with high temperatures and dry soil. Proper greenhouse orientation, shading, and moisture control can reduce this issue. Lastly, **hollow or virtual fruits** result from over-fertilization, especially with fast-acting nitrogen, leading to weak, soft, and less flavorful fruits. Managing fertilizer use, avoiding excessive top-dressing, and controlling irrigation are key to preventing this problem. In addition, extreme temperatures, excessive rain, and insufficient sunlight can also affect fruit quality, causing issues like unripe tips or lack of shine. By adopting appropriate cultural practices, growers can ensure better fruit development and maintain high standards of quality throughout the growing season.

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