In order to ensure the health and quality of young chicks, it's essential to implement comprehensive self-breeding practices that prevent egg-borne diseases such as mycoplasma and bacterial infections. This includes strengthening the management of breeder chickens by regularly quarantining them and monitoring their health. Eggs should be collected every two hours, immediately fumigated, stored in a low-temperature egg bank, and properly handled to minimize contamination. Before hatching, incubators, hatchers, and related equipment must be thoroughly cleaned with high-pressure water and disinfected twice using solutions like 0.5% Tetris to reduce bacterial risks. Additionally, eggs should undergo sterilization before being placed into the incubator to lay a solid foundation for healthy chick development.
Creating an optimal external environment is also crucial for the growth of chicks. Temperature and humidity are key factors in brooding. For the first week, the temperature should be maintained between 33°C and 35°C, gradually decreasing by 3°C per week and 0.5°C daily. Monitoring the chicks' behavior is more reliable than relying solely on thermometers—chicks that are evenly distributed and resting comfortably indicate a proper temperature, while those that crowd or spread out suggest discomfort. Humidity should be around 70–80% during the first ten days and then reduced to about 65%. Watering systems can help maintain ideal moisture levels.
Fresh air circulation is another important factor. In intensive rearing conditions, ammonia and carbon dioxide from waste can lead to poor air quality, increasing the risk of respiratory diseases. Installing adjustable ventilation fans helps maintain good air quality without disrupting temperature control. Proper lighting is also necessary, especially for newly hatched chicks who have limited vision. Providing 20–22 hours of light in the first three days helps them adapt, and the duration should be gradually reduced to 8 hours as they grow older. Excessive light may cause feather pecking and other undesirable behaviors.
High-quality feed plays a vital role in chick development. Chicks require nutrient-rich, high-protein feed with 19–20% crude protein and 11.91 MJ/kg of metabolic energy. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, vitamins, and minerals must meet specific standards. Feeding frequency should be adjusted based on age: every 2 hours for the first two weeks, then every 3 hours, and eventually free-choice feeding. Ensuring fresh food and frequent feeding supports healthy growth and lays the groundwork for future laying hens.
Maintaining a reasonable stocking density is critical to avoid stress and disease. Overcrowding can lead to uneven growth, lower immunity, and issues like feather pecking and anal fistulas. Adjusting space based on age, climate, and ventilation ensures better movement and development, reducing mortality.
A strict biosecurity and disinfection protocol is essential. Vaccinations against common diseases like avian influenza and Newcastle disease should be carried out according to local guidelines. Daily spraying of the area, regular cleaning of feeders and drinkers, and thorough disinfection before and after each batch of chicks help eliminate pathogens. After each cycle, giving chicks a 3–5% sugar water solution followed by antibiotics like gentamicin or kanamycin for three days can improve their health.
By implementing these comprehensive strategies and maintaining consistent procedures, the survival rate of chicks can be significantly improved, leading to higher productivity and economic returns.
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