Proper fertilization is essential for maintaining water quality, promoting the growth of natural food sources, and ensuring sufficient nutrition for pond fish. All types of fish ponds, especially those that raise silver carp, should be managed carefully. During hot summer months, high temperatures accelerate organic matter decomposition, promote plankton growth, increase oxygen consumption by fish, and lead to poor water quality. Therefore, it's important not to over-fertilize. Stick to the principle of applying small amounts regularly, adjusting based on weather conditions, water color, and the type of fish being raised. On sunny days, you can apply fertilizer in moderate quantities, but avoid it on rainy or extremely hot days. If the water appears light yellow or green with high clarity, more fertilizer may be needed. However, if the water turns brownish-green, oil-green, or reddish-brown with low transparency (around 30 cm), reduce or stop fertilizing. Ponds that raise mussels, clams, or squid may require more frequent applications, while those focusing on blue-green fish or grass carp should use fertilizer sparingly to avoid overloading the food supply.
Feeding practices are also crucial. From July to September, about 60% of the annual feed should be provided, divided into three meals: early morning, midday, and late evening. The amount given in the morning and evening should be larger, while the noon feeding should be smaller. A balanced approach—using fresh, high-quality feed in appropriate portions—is recommended. Feed should be given at a fixed location, and during hot or rainy days, or when fish show signs of floating, feeding should be reduced or stopped entirely to prevent stress and health issues.
Effective management is key to a healthy pond. Inspect the pond daily in the morning and evening to monitor fish behavior and water conditions. If any abnormalities are observed, take immediate action to prevent disease outbreaks. Regularly remove leftover feed and debris, and clear weeds from the pond edges to maintain good water quality and ensure adequate dissolved oxygen levels.
Water quality improvement is an ongoing task. Regularly add new water to the pond, ideally every 2–3 days, adding 5–10 cm each time to prevent fish from floating due to low oxygen. Water should be added at night under normal conditions to increase oxygen levels and improve overall water quality. When adding new water, avoid pouring it directly from a height, as this can stir up sludge and waste from the bottom. Instead, place a wooden board under the water inlet to slow the flow and allow better oxygenation of the incoming water.
To increase dissolved oxygen levels, use a water pump or aerator when there's a risk of fish floating. Stop fertilizing and reduce feeding to minimize oxygen demand. In case of an emergency, such as fish floating, and if no aeration equipment is available, you can add yellow mud mixed with saltwater. For example, mix 10 kg of yellow mud with water to form a paste, then add 10 kg of salt solution and spread it evenly across the pond. Operate the aerator during sunny afternoons, cloudy mornings, and rainy nights, but avoid running it in the evening to prevent unnecessary disruption.
Disease prevention is vital. Every 15 days, spray 250–300 g of bleaching powder and 125 g of ferrous sulfate around the pond and on the feeding area to help prevent bacterial infections like skin and gill diseases. Crush 500 g of garlic and mix it with 10 kg of feed, feeding it for 3–5 consecutive days to help prevent enteritis. Additionally, every 20–30 days, apply 15–20 kg of lime per acre of water surface to improve water quality and create a healthier environment for the fish.
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