Proper fertilization is essential for maintaining water quality, promoting natural food growth, and ensuring sufficient feed for pond fish. All types of fish ponds, especially those raising silver carp, should be managed carefully with fertilization. Due to the hot summer weather, high water temperatures, rapid organic matter decomposition, increased plankton reproduction, and higher oxygen consumption by fish, over-fertilization can lead to poor water quality. Therefore, it's important to apply fertilizer in small amounts and adjust based on weather conditions, water color, and the type of fish being raised. On sunny days, you can apply a moderate amount, but avoid fertilizing on rainy or extremely hot days. If the water appears light yellow or pale green with high transparency, more fertilizer may be needed. However, if the water turns brownish-green, oil-green, or reddish-brown with low transparency (around 30 cm), it’s best to reduce or stop fertilization. Ponds that raise mussels, clams, or squid may require more frequent applications, while ponds mainly housing cyanobacteria or grass carp should be fertilized sparingly to avoid competition for food.
Feeding during July to September should account for about 60% of the annual feeding volume. Feed fish three times a day—early morning, midday, and late evening—with larger portions in the morning and evening, and smaller portions at noon. The feed should include a mix of green materials in the morning, fine feed at midday, and green feed in the evening. Ensure the feed is fresh and appropriately portioned. Always feed in a fixed area, and reduce or skip feeding on hot or rainy days, or when fish show signs of floating. This helps maintain stable water conditions and reduces stress on the fish.
Daily monitoring of the pond is crucial. Check the water color and fish behavior in the morning and evening to track changes and detect any abnormalities early. Take prompt action if issues arise to prevent disease outbreaks. Regularly remove leftover feed and debris, and clear weeds from the pond edges to prevent pollution and maintain adequate dissolved oxygen levels in the water.
Improving water quality involves regularly adding new water to increase oxygen levels. It is recommended to add water every 2–3 days, each time by 5–10 cm, to prevent fish from surfacing due to low oxygen. Water should be added at night under normal conditions to boost dissolved oxygen and enhance water quality. When adding new water, avoid pouring it directly from a height, as this can stir up sediment and waste from the bottom. To prevent this, place a wooden board under the water inlet so that the new water flows over the board, creating splashes that help dissolve more oxygen into the water.
Increasing dissolved oxygen is critical during high-risk periods. If fish are at risk of floating due to low oxygen, use a water pump or aerator to add oxygen, and temporarily stop fertilization and control feeding to reduce oxygen demand. In case of sudden fish floating without an aerator, you can add yellow muddy water mixed with salt. For example, mix 10 kg of yellow mud with water to form a paste and add 10 kg of salt solution per acre of pond. Aerator usage timing matters: turn it on at noon on sunny days, early morning on cloudy days, and at night on rainy days. Avoid using it in the evening to prevent unnecessary disturbance.
Disease prevention is key to maintaining healthy fish. Every 15 days, spray 250–300 g of bleaching powder and 125 g of ferrous sulfate around the pond walls and feeding areas to prevent bacterial skin and gill diseases. Crush 500 g of garlic and mix it with 10 kg of feed, feeding it for 3–5 consecutive days to prevent diseases like enteritis. Additionally, every 20–30 days, spread 15–20 kg of lime per acre of water surface to improve water quality and maintain a healthy environment for fish growth.
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