Multiple measures to prevent and cure cotton seedling diseases

Due to prolonged rainfall during the cotton planting season and after seedlings emerged, this year's seedling death has been more severe compared to previous years, with some fields already showing significant damage. The problem has raised concerns among farmers and agricultural experts alike. First, the main symptoms: After the cotton seedlings emerge, the base of the stem—especially where it meets the soil—develops yellow-brown lesions. These lesions gradually deepen, leading to sunken, rotten areas. The affected parts turn black and brown, eventually causing the seedlings to die. This condition is commonly referred to as "setback" or "black neck" disease by local cotton farmers. Second, the causes of the issue: 1. Early sowing combined with low temperatures: According to meteorological forecasts, April 2008 was 3–5°C colder than average. Many farmers did not adjust their sowing dates accordingly, some even sowing earlier, which delayed emergence and increased the window for bacterial infection, leading to a heavy outbreak. 2. Excessive rain and high humidity: Cotton seedlings are most vulnerable in the first 15 days after emergence. This year, continuous rain from late April caused the seedlings to be constantly soaked, reducing root respiration and creating ideal conditions for disease development. Low-lying fields with poor drainage and clay-heavy soils were hit the hardest. 3. Continuous planting: Most cotton fields in the region have been planted year after year, leading to an accumulation of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and a decline in beneficial microorganisms, worsening the disease pressure. 4. Poor-quality seed coatings: Many commercial seed treatments claim to offer pest and disease resistance, but in reality, the seedlings remain susceptible, leading to outbreaks of both pests and diseases. Third, control measures: 1. Seed treatment: When replanting or sowing cotton, especially in cool and humid conditions, it's crucial to take preventive measures. Mixing 10 ml of High Qiao with 50 grams of beneficial microbial agents and 1.5 kg of seeds before sowing can help protect against diseases. This method significantly reduces the incidence of disease, keeping it below 10%, and provides protection for 50–60 days without any ticks. 2. Agricultural practices: After rainy periods, it's important to remove excess moisture around the roots, reduce humidity, and increase ground temperature to minimize disease occurrence. In flooded areas, removing plastic mulch and improving drainage can help keep seedlings healthy. 3. Chemical control: For fields showing signs of disease, prompt application of fungicides to the roots and stems is essential. A combination of Rui Miao Qing diluted at 2000 times and beneficial microbes at 500 times, or Rui Miao Qing mixed with Bi Hu at 10,000 times, has proven effective in controlling the dead seedling issue. 4. Pest management: Using long-lasting insecticides such as Good Year at 600 times dilution or 3000–6000 times concentration can effectively manage aphids, providing protection for over 20 days. By combining these strategies, farmers can better manage the challenges posed by wet weather and improve the health and survival rate of their cotton crops.

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