In the process of mushroom cultivation, the production is frequently threatened by diseases and pests. If not properly controlled, it can lead to a vicious cycle that negatively impacts yield. Overly aggressive measures may damage the mushrooms, while insufficient control can result in total crop failure. Therefore, it is essential to take this issue seriously and implement effective prevention strategies.
Trichoderma, commonly known as green mold, is a widespread fungus found in plant residues, soil, and air. It spreads through spores, often transmitted via air, water droplets, insects, raw materials, tools, and even human contact. Once it enters the growing medium, it germinates and multiplies under favorable conditions. Poor hygiene, incomplete sterilization of culture material, improper inoculation practices, and high temperature and humidity all create ideal conditions for Trichoderma to thrive. Especially in older mushroom houses or fields, Trichoderma tends to become a major problem.
Trichoderma is one of the most dangerous pathogens affecting shiitake mushrooms. It has strong adaptability and reproduces quickly. It can secrete toxins that inhibit mycelium growth and even dissolve mushroom cells. The presence of Trichoderma weakens the mushroom's ability to grow, leading to severe damage or complete failure.
This fungus can grow between 4°C and 42°C, with spores germinating in humid environments. Initially, it appears as white, fluffy patches, later turning green. Once infected, the strain must be discarded immediately. Even mildly affected strains should not be used, as they pose a risk of spreading the infection.
Currently, there are no ideal treatments for Trichoderma. Most bactericides only suppress its growth rather than eliminate it. Increasing the dosage risks damaging both the fungus and the mushroom mycelium. Therefore, creating an environment that favors mushroom growth while discouraging Trichoderma is the most effective long-term solution.
If Trichoderma is detected, immediate action is needed. Ventilation and reducing humidity can help slow its spread. For infected culture media, liquid treatments such as 5% sodium carbonate, 2% formaldehyde, 1:200 diluted carbendazim (50%), 75% thiophanate-methyl, or lime water with a pH of 10 can be applied. Sprinkling ash on contaminated areas also helps control the spread.
Another common pathogen is Streptomyces. It initially appears as white or gray filaments, turning pink or yellow as it matures. Its conidia resemble the fruit bodies of Hericium erinaceus. Streptomyces is particularly problematic during hot seasons due to its fast-spreading spores. Once present, it can cause large-scale contamination, leading to the loss of entire batches of cultures.
To prevent Streptomyces, it's important to avoid high-temperature periods. Keeping the temperature below 20°C during the fruiting stage slows down its growth. Controlling humidity in the germination area also reduces the risk. Similar to Trichoderma, preventive measures like applying diesel oil on conidia clusters can stop its spread. Infected bags should not be discarded immediately but can be buried deeply in well-aerated soil for 10–20 days to reduce contamination.
Mucor, also known as black mold or long hair mold, starts as white hyphae that turn gray or black as sporangia mature. It thrives in high humidity, poor ventilation, and warm conditions. Mucor grows faster than mushroom mycelium, extending up to 3 cm per day. When it infects shiitake mycelium, it rapidly covers the substrate, causing slow growth and discolored, weak mycelium.
The main causes include using moldy substrates, high spore counts in the environment, and overly wet conditions. Control methods are similar to those used for Trichoderma.
Crickets, including mites and bacteria, often live in manure, feed, and contaminated materials. Areas with poor sanitation, such as chicken coops or grain storage, are prone to infestations. These pests are small and often go unnoticed early on. They feed on both mycelium and fruit bodies, causing significant damage. Infected cultures may fail to develop properly, with sparse or absent mycelium.
Maintaining cleanliness in the cultivation area is key to preventing these pests. Infested rooms should be fumigated with dichlorvos before reuse. During mycelium growth, safe insecticides like dicofol (1000x) or Ketek (500x) can be used. However, during fruiting stages, chemical use should be avoided to prevent phytotoxicity and health risks.
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