**Boron Deficiency Symptoms in Peach Trees**
Boron deficiency in peach trees can lead to a condition commonly referred to as "top dieback." This means that the shoots begin to wither from the top down, resulting in the death of the upper parts of the branches. Below the dead section, side shoots may emerge, and the main branches might exhibit a grass-like appearance. In the early stages of the deficiency, the skin cells of the fruit become thickened, corky, and uneven in texture. As the condition progresses, the flesh inside the fruit turns brown, becomes corky, and the fruit may become deformed.
**Patterns of Boron Deficiency**
Boron deficiency affects the plant’s meristematic tissues, including the vascular and parenchymal tissues, leading to poor growth and development. Since boron is not easily stored or translocated within the tree, any deficiency during the fruit development stage can cause significant damage. Other contributing factors include:
1. Thin soil layers with low organic matter and insufficient vegetation cover, which increases the risk of erosion and boron loss.
2. Soil pH levels between 5 and 7 are most favorable for boron availability. When the soil is too alkaline or has excessive lime, boron becomes fixed and unavailable to the plant.
3. Dry soil conditions prevent proper boron uptake by the roots.
**Control Methods**
1. **Soil Application of Boron**: In autumn or early spring, apply borax or boric acid along with organic fertilizer. The amount depends on the trunk diameter:
- For a trunk diameter of 10 cm, apply 100 grams per tree.
- For 20 cm, use 150 grams.
- For 30 cm, apply 250 grams.
This treatment is typically repeated every 3 to 5 years.
2. **Foliar Spraying**: In soils with high salinity or alkalinity, foliar application is more effective. A 1% to 2% borax solution can be sprayed on branches before flowering, and a 0.2% to 0.3% solution can be used during and after flowering to improve fruit set.
**Excess Boron Symptoms**
If there is an overapplication of boron, it can lead to elongated internodes, excessive branching, and shoot proliferation. The main and lateral veins of the leaves may turn yellow, and in severe cases, leaves may fall off. It's important to monitor boron levels carefully to avoid both deficiency and toxicity.
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