To ensure effective rice cultivation, it is essential to understand both the quantity of fertilizer to apply and the timing of each application. Fertilizer use should be based on the nutrient needs of the rice plant, the existing nutrient levels in the soil, and the efficiency with which the applied fertilizers are utilized. Soil fertility plays a significant role in determining how much of the required nutrients can come from the soil itself. In our city, paddy soils are typically low in nitrogen, often deficient in phosphorus, and some may lack potassium. To maximize yield and ensure balanced nutrition, it's important to combine nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, while also using soil testing and formula fertilization techniques.
Currently, fertilizer utilization rates in China vary: nitrogen is used at 30–60%, phosphate at 10–25%, and potash at 40–70%. These figures highlight the importance of proper application methods to avoid waste and environmental harm.
The fertilization period for high-yielding rice is usually divided into four stages: base fertilizer, tiller fertilizer, panicle fertilizer, and grain fertilizer. The base fertilizer, applied before transplanting, is crucial for providing early nutrients. It should include both organic and inorganic materials, making up about 40% of the total chemical fertilizer. This helps maintain a steady supply of nutrients throughout the growing season.
Tiller fertilizer is applied around half a month after transplanting, promoting root development and increasing the number of tillers. Panicle fertilizer is generally applied 40–50 days after transplanting, supporting the formation of spikelets and improving grain quality. Grain fertilizer, applied later, helps extend leaf life, enhance photosynthesis, and increase grain weight.
There are several fertilization methods. One is the "pre-promotion" method, where most of the fertilizer is applied early in the growth cycle. Another is the "before promotion, during control, after supplementation" approach, which emphasizes mid-season nitrogen and late-stage support. A third method focuses on balancing early, mid, and late applications, ensuring sustained growth without overloading the plant.
In addition to these methods, attention must be given to key factors such as organic fertilizer application, nitrogen control, and the importance of phosphorus and potassium. Organic fertilizers improve soil structure and provide a wide range of nutrients. Excessive nitrogen can lead to lodging and reduced yield, so careful monitoring is necessary. Phosphorus and potassium are vital for plant health, enhancing photosynthesis and grain filling.
Trace elements like zinc, manganese, and boron also play a critical role in rice growth. They help improve root oxygenation, boost disease resistance, and promote better grain development. Applying these elements through foliar sprays twice—once during the reproductive stage and again after spikelet differentiation—can significantly enhance yield without increasing costs too much.
Overall, a well-planned fertilization strategy, combined with proper timing and application methods, is key to achieving high yields and maintaining soil health.
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