Skin cancer has become a growing issue of human health. In the past 30 years, the number of people with skin cancer has exceeded the sum of the number of people with other types of cancer. In the United States, skin cancer has become the most common form of cancer, with more than 3.5 million cases diagnosed each year. As a result, people are becoming more and more concerned about measuring the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation they are exposed to. More specifically, most people believe that UV is responsible for the formation of skin cancer tumors.
UV radiation is a natural part of the environment and can benefit humans even at small doses. If we try to eliminate all UV exposure, we will find that the bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency is gradually increasing, because vitamin D needs to be synthesized by the human body with the help of UV. How much health benefit is obtained from UV varies from person to person because of the inevitable link between UV radiation and skin pigmentation. The key is to maintain UV exposure at an optimal level of health without being too dangerous.
When developing UV sensing applications, it is beneficial to distinguish between different UV types. At the 2nd Optical International Conference in 1932, three UV types with wavelengths ranging from 100 nm to 400 nm were clearly defined: UVA, UVB, UVC. For consumer applications that perform ambient light UV measurements, only two of these types (UVA and UVB) are important. Short-wavelength UVC photons from sunlight do not penetrate the atmosphere and, in most cases, can be ignored by personal health and wearable products. UVC is primarily used in industrial applications, such as in anti-virus and disinfection equipment, because UVC radiation has a killing effect on bacteria and other infectious microorganisms.
UVA and UVB rays can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, while shorter wavelength UVB rays (290nm - 320nm) are more easily absorbed than long wave UVA rays (320nm - 400nm). In addition to being easier to penetrate the atmosphere, UVA rays penetrate the human skin more easily than UVB rays with higher energy, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - Types of UV radiation and effects on human skin
UVA does have some health benefits because it activates the melanin that is present in the upper skin cells, creating a brownish complexion that quickly appears and disappears quickly. But when infiltrated into deeper layers of skin, UVA also affects connective tissue and blood vessels. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), when the skin is exposed to excessive UVA, the skin gradually loses its elasticity and begins to wrinkle. Recent studies have also shown that UVA may also aggravate the spread of skin cancer, although the mechanism of damage to UVA is not yet fully understood.
Scientists have known for a long time that UVB rays are more harmful to health than UVA. UVB irradiation has been shown to cause DNA damage, resulting in irreversible genetic damage. Mammalian cells have a self-healing mechanism that handles mild DNA damage caused by the environment (eg, UV irradiation). However, once the damage reaches a certain level, the repair mechanism is no longer effective, and in normal circumstances the cells will die by themselves, a process that is called "apoptosis" by biologists. This happens, for example, when someone is severely sunburned. If skin cells fail to perform cell metabolism properly, it may form the core of a cancerous tumor.
Many factors can cause significant changes in UV exposure. The higher the altitude, the less the atmosphere absorbs UV rays, which results in higher UV exposure. The difference in time and seasonality, as well as the presence of clouds and dust, can affect the measurement of solar UV radiation received by outdoor individuals. Globally, there is a four-fold change in UV radiation levels, which is compounded by the different ways in which ozone is concentrated in the atmosphere, because ozone strongly absorbs UVB. At high latitudes, there is less ozone in the atmosphere, increasing the risk of DNA damage caused by UVB.
The incidence of melanoma tends to be higher in people with higher skin diarrhea in high latitudes. For example, according to WHO data, the mortality rate of skin cancer is six times that of the Mediterranean countries. Part of the reason for this is that people with fair skin receive higher UV exposure when they are on vacation in sunny areas.
The WHO has developed a UV index to raise awareness of the risk of overexposure to UV exposure and to help weather forecasters and consumers assess the intensity of the day's sunlight so they can take preventive measures. The UV index provides a linearly related value to the intensity of sunlight, as shown in Figure 2. The UV index prediction is based on the noon UV index prediction; the true UV index will change during the day due to the sun angle and the changing cloud amount. In addition, because human skin reacts differently to UVA and UVB, the UV index is calculated according to the International Illumination Commission (CIE) erythema action spectrum. CIE provides a standardized UV index weighting algorithm based on normal human skin response, which is important for measuring how much damage is caused by sunlight.
Figure 2 - WHO UV Index Table (UV exposure level from 1-2 low risk to 11+ high risk)
Preventive measures (such as UV index) are good for public health, providing early warning when people reach unhealthy UV exposure levels. Wearables and smartphones can proactively provide a convenient way to use UV value indicators to confirm how long a person can stay in the sun without outdoor protection (eg, using sunscreen, sunglasses, hats, and other protective clothing) time. Since both wearables and smartphones can store data for long periods of time, consumers can use these devices to determine the amount of UV exposure they accumulate, such as when a person is sunbathing, exercising, or working outdoors. UV exposure measurements can provide vital information for people at risk of sunburn, especially when long-term UV radiation accumulates and causes sunburn.
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