Rice green pods

Rhynchochoris humeralis (Thunberg), commonly known as the "shoulder bug" or "long-kiss bug," belongs to the family Hemiptera and is also referred to as "horns" or "shoulders." This species is widely distributed across several provinces in China, including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Sichuan. It is a polyphagous pest that affects a variety of crops such as rice, millet, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, tea, citrus, apples, pears, and sand fruit. The damage caused by this insect is significant, especially during the early growth stages. Nymphs feed on the sap of rice plants, leading to seedling damage that resembles burn marks. Severe infestations can result in the death of young plants. During the heading stage, the feeding activity may cause empty panicles or white ears, reducing yield and quality. Adults are approximately 22 mm in length and have a green, elongated shield-like body. Their antennae are filamentous with five segments. The front edge of the pronotum is sharply angled, and the "shoulder" region features a black border with numerous black markings. The scutellum is long and has a prominent tongue-like structure. Eggs are light green and spherical. Nymphs go through five instars: the first two instars are pale yellow to reddish-yellow with dark spots, while the fourth instar shows a green thorax and yellow abdomen with noticeable wing buds. The fifth instar is entirely green. In terms of life habits, the first generation appears in southern regions. Adults overwinter in dense branches of fruit trees, leafy areas, and hidden spaces in buildings. They begin laying eggs in April of the following year, with peak egg-laying occurring between May and October, particularly in July. Each female lays around 14 eggs in neat rows. August is the peak period for nymph development. The first instar does not feed immediately, but the second instar starts feeding. Second and third instars often occur in clusters of 3–5, while the fourth and fifth instars are active feeders. By November, most nymphs develop into adults, and they start seeking shelter for wintering in mid-December. Natural enemies of this pest include orange spines, flat-bellied wasps, yellow ants, crickets, and spiders. Control measures include timely killing of adults and nymphs, removal of egg masses and newly hatched nymphs, and chemical control. The critical period for prevention is before the adults overwinter and after the nymphs hatch until the third instar. Recommended chemical treatments include spraying 50% dichlorvos EC at 800–1000 times dilution, 50% parathion EC at 1500–2000 times, 2.5% emulsifiable concentrate at 3000 times, 20% suspension concentrate at 360 times, and 50% malathion EC at 1000–1500 times. Additionally, protecting and utilizing natural enemies is an effective and environmentally friendly approach to managing this pest.

Nutriceutical Ingredients

These ingredients mainly include the following categories

Nutriceutical Ingredients refers to the various chemicals contained in food that are necessary for maintaining human growth, development, metabolism and health.

1. Macronutrients

Carbohydrates: The body's main source of energy, including sugar, starch and fiber.

Protein: The building blocks of body tissues such as muscle, skin, enzymes and hormones, but also provides energy.

Fats (lipids) : are another important source of energy, involved in cell building and hormone production, including saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids.

2. Micro-nutrients

Vitamin: is a group of organic compounds, the human body needs a small amount, but essential to normal physiological function, can not be synthesized by the body itself or the amount of synthesis is insufficient, must be taken through food. For example, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, etc.

Minerals: including macroelements (such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium) and trace elements (such as iron, zinc, selenium, iodine), essential for the maintenance of homeostasis, bone structure, nerve conduction and other functions.

3. Water

Although not a "nutrient component" in the usual sense, water is indispensable in the activities of life, participating in all biochemical reactions, maintaining body temperature and fluid balance in the body.

4. Dietary fiber

Although it cannot be digested and absorbed by the human body, it plays an important role in promoting intestinal health, controlling blood sugar and lipid levels.

A balanced intake of these nutrients is essential to maintaining good health. People of different ages, genders, physical conditions and activity levels also have different requirements for various nutrients.

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