The wheat midge is a serious pest that significantly impacts wheat production, particularly in the main winter wheat-growing regions of the Huanghuai Basin, located between 31° and 35° north latitude. The primary host crops include wheat, barley, and other similar grains. The larvae feed on the developing grain sap, causing the formation of empty or shriveled pods, which leads to major yield losses.
**Symptoms of Damage**
The wheat midge infests the plant at various stages, including the flowering, seed, and grain development phases. The larvae hide inside the glumes and suck the sap from the grains, resulting in poor kernel development, empty shells, and reduced grain quality. Infested fields often show signs of stunted growth and lower yields.
**Life Cycle and Habits**
The wheat red-sucking midge becomes active when wheat begins to head in the following year. Adults emerge simultaneously with the heading stage, making them highly synchronized with the crop’s growth cycle. These insects are photophobic and have a long dormancy period, with some remaining inactive in the soil for up to 12 years before emerging. This makes their control challenging and requires careful monitoring.
**Control Methods**
**1. Agricultural Control**
- **Resistant Varieties:** Planting midge-resistant wheat varieties tailored to local conditions can significantly reduce damage.
- **Cultural Practices:** Adjust planting layouts, implement crop rotation, avoid continuous wheat cultivation, and plow fields promptly after harvest to disrupt the midge's life cycle.
**2. Biological Control**
- **Natural Enemies:** Several natural predators help manage midge populations. Parasitic wasps, such as *Eupelmus* spp., attack the larvae and can achieve high parasitism rates under natural conditions. Protecting these beneficial insects is crucial.
- **Predators:** Ants, spiders, and certain predatory beetles feed on midge larvae and adults, while the six-spotted lady beetle preys on eggs. Encouraging biodiversity in the field can enhance biological control.
**3. Chemical Control**
- **Soil Treatment During Flooding Period:** During the flood season, applying insecticides like Isocarbophos (Isaac Toxic Soil) is effective. Mixtures of 50% phoxim or 40% methyl isothiophosphate emulsifiable concentrate (EC) can be used to create poisoned soil. Application should be done evenly in the evening, after 4 p.m., when midge activity is higher.
- **Adult Stage Control:** In addition to soil treatments, dusting or spraying can be used during the adult emergence phase. Combining this with the control of wheat aphids, sprays containing dimethoate, phoxim, deltamethrin, or cypermethrin can be applied during the heading and flowering stages for optimal results.
By integrating these strategies, farmers can effectively manage wheat midge populations and minimize yield losses, ensuring more sustainable and productive wheat farming.
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