Wheat frost occurs when temperatures fall below zero degrees Celsius, damaging the plant at a critical growth stage. Once wheat enters the jointing phase, its cold tolerance decreases, making it more vulnerable to frost injury. Visually, frost-damaged wheat may show symptoms such as stem damage, yellowing and twisting of leaves, or even complete wilting. In severe cases, the reproductive parts of the panicle—like the florets—can be damaged, leading to reduced seed set and lower yields. Therefore, effective forecasting and preventive measures are essential. Common methods include irrigation, smoke burning, using cold-resistant varieties, and proper agricultural management.
Irrigation is an effective method for frost protection. The water used for irrigation is usually warmer than the soil temperature during a frost event, often above 10°C. This helps transfer heat into the soil. Additionally, increased soil moisture allows heat from deeper layers to rise toward the surface. Water has a much higher heat capacity than air or soil, so it helps stabilize ground temperatures and prevents rapid temperature fluctuations. After watering, the air near the surface becomes more humid, and latent heat is released during condensation. In areas with sprinkler systems, spraying water during a frost can effectively modify the microclimate and reduce damage. Studies have shown that this technique can raise ground temperatures by 1–3°C, sometimes up to 4.1°C, and leaf surface temperatures by 0.2–0.7°C, significantly reducing frost damage.
Another traditional method is the use of smoke. Burning firewood or chemical smokes creates a protective layer of smoke that traps heat and reduces radiative cooling. The smoke also releases heat as it burns, raising local temperatures. When water vapor condenses on the smoke particles, additional latent heat is released, further warming the area. In regions where fuel is scarce, chemical smoke agents containing ammonium nitrate, oil, and sawdust can be used. These agents work similarly to traditional smoke, providing a cost-effective alternative.
Timing is crucial for smoke application. It should be done when the leaf surface temperature drops just 1°C above the frost threshold. Early or late application can reduce effectiveness. Choosing frost-tolerant wheat varieties is another key strategy, especially in regions prone to late frosts. Late-jointed varieties tend to be more resistant to freezing, while early-jointed ones are more susceptible. Selecting the right variety based on local climate conditions can greatly improve resilience.
Good field management also plays a vital role in enhancing frost resistance. Timely sowing is important—early planting can lead to premature jointing, increasing vulnerability. Applying pressure before jointing can help control growth and promote stronger root development. Fertilization should be balanced: excessive nitrogen promotes lush growth, which is more prone to frost damage, while phosphorus and potassium enhance cold tolerance. Spraying plants with growth regulators like chlormequat or paclobutrazol during the jointing stage can slow growth and reduce height, helping prevent frost damage. All these practices contribute to better frost resistance and improved crop outcomes.
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