Common fertilizers and methods of use
(1) Nitrogen Fertilizer: Common fertilizers include urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, which are the main sources of nitrogen for the supply of available nitrogen and are one of the major elements of plant protein synthesis. When used, it can be formulated as a solution with a concentration of less than 0.1%. Too much will cause the plant to dehydrate and die.
(2) Phosphorus fertilizer: Superphosphate and phosphate rock are one of the sources of phosphorus, which contribute to the differentiation of flower buds, strengthen the root system of plants, and increase the cold resistance of plants. Their fertilizer effect is relatively slow, and is rarely used in potted flowers. Phosphorus obtained in flower cultivation is often applied with compound phosphate fertilizer. When superphosphate is used as top dressing, add 50-100 times of water first, soak the supernatant with water after soaking for a day and night.
(3) Potassium Fertilizer: Potassium is the main element of the ash that constitutes the plant. Potassium can enhance the plant's resistance to stress and disease resistance, and is one of the indispensable elements of the plant. The commonly used potassium fertilizers include potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, and can be formulated as a solution with a concentration of less than 0.1% when used.
(4) Compound Fertilizer: There are many kinds of compound fertilizers, which refer to chemical fertilizers containing three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium or two of them. Common potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Russian compound fertilizer, diammonium, etc., in the topdressing can be formulated as 0.1|-0.2% aqueous solution. Recently, various fertilizer manufacturers have also introduced some special fertilizers for flowers, such as special fertilizers for foliage and flowers, special fertilizers for woody flowers, special fertilizers for herbal flowers, special fertilizers for acid soil flowers, special fertilizers for cactus, and special fertilizers for bonsai, etc. Sale, follow the instructions to use.
(5) Trace elements: Trace elements are used less frequently during plant development. Generally, trace elements contained in the soil are sufficient for the growth of flower plants. However, some plants show chlorosis due to lack of trace elements in the growth process. , leaf and other phenomena. For example, the lack of iron in flowers shows chlorosis; the lack of boron shows that the apical buds stop growing, the plants dwarf, and the leaf shape becomes small; the zinc deficiency shows chlorosis and lobular disease. Application concentration: The foliar spraying concentration of boron fertilizer is 0.1%-0.25%, zinc fertilizer spraying concentration is 0.05-0.2%, molybdenum fertilizer spraying is 0.02%-0.05%, iron fertilizer spraying concentration is 0.2%-0.5%, Manganese spraying concentration is 0.05%-0.1%
About "reasonable fertilization"
First, rational fertilization, give full play to the role of fertilizer production, is to achieve high yield, stable production, low cost an important measure. Rational cooperation and mutual promotion of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers, combined with nitrogen and phosphorus, are important principles for rational fertilization.
Organic fertilizer has full nutrients and has a slow fertilizer effect. Fertilizers are rich and effective. In particular, organic fertilizers contain a large amount of organic matter. The formation of humus by microorganisms can improve soil structure, make it loose and soft, and have good ventilation. This is not only beneficial to the growth and development of crop roots, but also helps to increase soil moisture retention and fertilizer retention. ability. Fertilizer can provide quick-acting nutrients for microbial activities, accelerate microbial reproduction and activities, promote the decomposition of organic fertilizers, and release large amounts of carbon dioxide and organic acids, which is conducive to the dissolution of insoluble nutrients in soil. Therefore, organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can be used in combination to complement each other and make mutual adjustments to give full play to the effects of these two kinds of fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers generally have less nitrogen and phosphorus, and generally have a good reaction with nitrogen fertilizers. In combination with phosphorus fertilizers, it is necessary to influence the effect of phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, in addition to the special phosphorus deficiency in soil, organic fertilizer can be applied in small amounts and a small amount of phosphorus fertilizer can be applied. Under normal circumstances, organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer are best applied to different fields to fully play the role of fertilizer.
Second, due to soil phosphorus, quantitative view
The available phosphorus content of soil is the main factor that determines whether or not the phosphate fertilizer has effect and size. To use phosphate fertilizer, it must be treated differently according to the content of available phosphorus in the soil.
The available phosphorus in soil is between 20-40PpM, which is a poorer phosphorus soil. Phosphate fertilizer has an unstable effect on summer sowing crops, and the autumn sowing crops still have significant yield increase effects, generally increasing production by 10-20% or even higher. This is mostly due to the fact that no organic fertilizers were used in the season, or that there were few organic fertilizers or organic fertilizers were used year after year, and the multiple cropping index was high and the water supply was sufficient. In this type of soil, generally 30 kg of superphosphate can be used in Mushi, and it must be combined with nitrogen fertilizer.
The available phosphorus in soil is above 40PPM, which is a phosphorus-rich soil. The application of phosphorus fertilizer is not obvious. These are all fertilisers that use a lot of organic fertilizers every year, but they do not use phosphate fertilizers. For late-seeding wheat, the use of phosphorus significantly increases production, and special attention must be paid to application.
The seedling stage of crops is a critical period for phosphorus, and phosphorus is lacking at the seedling stage. Therefore, phosphate fertilizer should be used as base fertilizer or seed fertilizer as early as possible. If it is too late to make basal fertilizers and seed fertilizers, the ditch should be applied as early as possible and water should be poured after application.
Phosphate fertilizer has a long aftereffect and does not need to be applied every season. It should focus on the best cornices. For example, in wheat, corn, millet, etc., the phosphate fertilizer should be applied to wheat, and corn and millet can use its subsequent effect. In wheat (or oil) and rice rotation areas, phosphate fertilizer should be applied to wheat (or oil), and rice should be used later. In the case of green manure and double cropping rice rotation, the green manure should be applied with phosphate fertilizer; nitrogen should be increased with phosphorus, and later-effects should be used for early and late rice.
Third, according to the requirements of various types of crops fertilizer, reasonable use
Different types of crops require different types, varieties, and quantities of nutrients.
First of all, we must look at the characteristics of the crop's fertilizer requirements, wheat, rice, corn, sorghum, wolfberry fruit, millet, etc., need more nitrogen, less phosphorus and potassium. The application of nitrogen fertilizer should be based on soil conditions, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Leguminous plants have rhizobia nitrogen fixation, but they need more phosphorus and potassium. Potatoes, tobacco, hemp, sugar cane, sugar beets, etc., are known as "potassium-prone crops." Special attention should be paid to the use of potash fertilizer in soils that lack potassium.
Second, it depends on the amount of fertilizer needed for the crop. Maize, sorghum and other crops have a short growth period and require large amounts of fertilizer. Fertilizer application should be higher than other cereal crops. Wheat stems are soft, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too high. It is easy to cause lodging. According to the multi-point test of the Shifei Group of Northwest Agriculture College, the yield of urea by 20 jin of Mushi is significant, and the economic effect is relatively high.
Fourth, master key, appropriate nitrogen application
Basal fertilizers, seed fertilizers, and top dressings are the three major aspects of fertilization. Organic fertilizers and phosphate fertilizers should be dominated by basal fertilizers and seed fertilizers; nitrogen fertilizers should combine basal fertilizers, seed fertilizers, and topdressing fertilizers to grasp critical periods and fully exert the effects of nitrogen fertilizers.
According to the Shifei Group Experiment of Northwest Agronomy College, the key period for wheat in the general field is the seedling stage. Nitrogen application during seedling stage can promote rooting and provide foundation for high yields. Therefore, the same amount of nitrogen fertilizer has been previously used (reapplying fertilizer and pre-winter topdressing) to be effective. The corn speaker needs a large amount of nitrogen, and topdressing with nitrogen fertilizer can make the rod large, grainy, and heavy. The same amount of nitrogen fertilizer is divided into four parts, the fertilizer is used as a joint fertilizer for one joint, and the flared fertilizer is used as two parts to increase the yield. According to the experience of all parts of the country, early rice generally has to weigh, fat, steady, and make up, before promoting, controlling, and supplementing. In addition to paying attention to tiller fertilizer, late rice should pay attention to the tail fat. Cotton should be given light Miaofei, stably apply fertilizer, re-apply Huan bell fertilizer. Millet to re-apply fertilizer, panicle fertilizer. In short, according to the specific circumstances, it is necessary to earnestly practice and find out the effective nitrogen application period for local crops.
Fifth, deep fertilization materials, fertilizer to increase efficiency
"Fertilizer applied to soil, acre top two acres." Deep application of fertilizers can reduce losses and increase fertilizer efficiency.
The farmer's fertilizers are deeply applied, and the fertilizers are distributed throughout the plough layer, which facilitates crop absorption, reduces loss of nutrient volatilization, makes soil fertility blending, and fosters fertility. Therefore, deepening agricultural fertilizers can significantly increase production. The Northwest Agriculture College's soil fertilization group experimented with 10,000 kilograms of soil excrement as a base fertilizer for deep application of 6 - 7 inches, and an average of 1,000 kilograms of soil excreta for the production of 10.7 pounds of wheat, and 2-3 inches of shallow application of only 3.6 pounds of production.
Phosphorus shallow application, easy to stay in the top surface of the effective phosphorus content in the soil, but the lower phosphorus content of the underlying soil will not get phosphate fertilizer. Crops can only absorb phosphate fertilizers from the surface soil at the seedling stage, and it is difficult to absorb and use the roots after they have been elongated. Deep application, the lower phosphorus with lower effective phosphorus content can also get more phosphate fertilizer, so as to promote the development of root system and fully exert the benefit of increasing production. The Northwest Institute of Agriculture Scholars Group test, 30 pounds of phosphate fertilizer applied deep within the 5-6 inch soil layer, phosphorus yield per kilogram of wheat 6.7 kg; Shallow Shi in the surface layer, only increased production of 3.13 kg.
Ammonium nitrogen fertilizers, especially bicarbonates and ammonia, are easily volatile and should be applied deeper. Other nitrogen fertilizers should also be applied deeply. Deep application can make nitrogen fertilizer covered by soil and prevent volatilization; ammonium can be adsorbed by soil, and leaching is also very little; fertilizer is distributed near the root system, which facilitates crop absorption. The deep application of paddy fields can make ammonium nitrogen in an oxygen-deficient environment, prevent leaching into nitric acid, or become volatile nitrogen. Deep nitrogen fertilizer can take the following methods:
(a) deep basal fertilizer. Ammonium bicarbonate or ammonia can be used as a base fertilizer. The dry land combined with the ploughing ground along the slope of the sloping field, while cultivating while cultivating; after the rice field is fertilized and ploughed, it is then poured with shallow water, wetted and wetted.
(b) Fertilizer application. Wheat, corn, millet and other crops, in the case of good lye, open the ditch before sowing or with a simple farm implement concentrated under the seed or below the seed side, so that the seeds close to the fertilizer.
(3) Deep ball fertilizer. Ammonium bicarbonate and dry fine soil (phosphorous fertilizer can be added as required) are mixed and dry pressed into a ball fertilizer with a granulator, or ammonium bicarbonate is directly pressed into a pellet fertilizer, and then deeply applied. According to local trials, the ball fertilizer is applied deeply, the fertilizer is concentrated, and the fertilizer effect is stable. No matter what type of crop can be increased, no matter whether it is for paddy fields or dry lands. The effect of ball fertilizer on fertilizer efficiency is relatively slow, and it is advisable to pay attention to early application, and it should be used with the system, with the equipment and with the use, and it should not be stored for a long time.
(D) Dressing ditch or acupuncture points. For topdressing ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia, and urea on wheat, millet, corn, cotton, etc., the soil should be applied after the ditch or hole. To take various types of equipment, nitrogen fertilizer is applied to soil below 3 inches.
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