Symptoms The disease is found in mountainous areas more than a kilometer above Guizhou. The main organs of the beetroot, which are mainly dip-dusted, are mostly harmful to the heart. The heart and leaves are infected, the leaves are small and hypertrophic, the anti-wrinkling or shrinking, the loss of green and yellow, when the humidity is high, there is a gray and mildew layer on the back of the leaves, that is, mycelium and cyst stems protruding from the stomata.
The pathogen Peronospora farinosa (Fries) Fries is a powdery mildew that belongs to the flagellin subfamily fungi. Synonyms are Peronospora schachtii Fucke, Peronospora farinosa (Fr.) Fr. Forma specialis betae Buford. The basal part of the cyst was enlarged with a size of 166-4317.8-10.8 (μm), the crown was forked 6-8 times, and the top branch was 5-25 μm long, forming an acute angle. The sporangia were oval to elliptic, light brown, 17.6-349.8-19.6 (μm) in size. The oospores are yellow, round and wrinkled with a wall thickness of 25-33μm. In addition, it was reported that Bremia betae HC Bai & XYCheng called the beetroot plate downy mildew, also the pathogen of the disease.
Transmission routes and pathogenic conditions The pathogens are overwintering on the mother roots and bulbs with carriers of seed or mycelia and conidia. A few of the oospores were overwintered on the infected diseased plants. In the following year, the diseased mother root was planted, and the pathogen invaded the young bud with the growth of new leaves and became the initial infection source of the disease. When the humidity is high, it can produce spores, spread by wind and rain. Conidia germinate in water droplets and invade directly from the epidermis to the leaf parenchyma by the germ tube, which results in the expansion of the mycelium between the cells. At the same time, a wire-shaped suction device penetrates the host cell wall and absorbs water and nutrients. The temperature of 16°C and relative humidity of 75% is the shortest for the incubation period, and it will produce a large number of conidia, which will expand the disease. Nitrogen fertilizer production on the production of excessive incidence.
Prevention methods (1) Strengthen quarantine to prevent the spread of the disease. (2) Spray 30% green suspension suspension 300-400 times or 1:1:100 times Bordeaux mixture, 90% triethylphosphonate aluminum wettable powder 400 times, 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettability 500 times liquid powder, 64% anti-virus M8 WP 500 times, 72% DuPont Ke Lu wettable powder 800 times, every 7-10 days, continuous control 2-3 times. When the resistance to the above-mentioned fungicides is changed, 69% Anke manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times solution can be used instead.
Sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation automatic control equipment With the development of economy, water resources, energy shortage and labor cost increase, more and more water-saving irrigation systems will adopt automatic control. This article focuses on the advantages and classification of automated irrigation.
The advantages are as follows:
(1) It is possible to truly control the amount of irrigation, irrigation time and irrigation cycle in a timely and appropriate manner, thereby increasing crop yield and significantly improving water utilization.
(2) Saving labor and operating expenses.
(3) The work plan can be arranged conveniently and flexibly, and the management personnel do not have to go to the field at night or other inconvenient time.
(4) Since it can increase the effective working time every day, the initial capital investment in pipelines, pumping stations, etc. can be reduced accordingly.
classification:
First, fully automated Irrigation System
The fully automated irrigation system does not require direct human involvement. The pre-programmed control procedures and certain parameters that reflect the water requirements of the crop can automatically open and close the pump for a long time and automatically irrigate in a certain order. The role of the person is simply to adjust the control program and overhaul the control equipment. In this system, in addition to emitters (heads, drip heads, etc.), pipes, fittings, pumps, and motors, it also includes central controllers, automatic valves, sensors (soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, water level sensors, and rain sensors). Etc.) and wires.
Second, semi-automatic irrigation system
In the semi-automated irrigation system, no sensors are installed in the field. The irrigation time, irrigation volume and irrigation period are controlled according to pre-programmed procedures, rather than feedback based on crop and soil moisture and meteorological conditions. The degree of automation of such systems is very different. For example, some pump stations implement automatic control, and some pump stations use manual control. Some central controllers are only one timer with simple programming function, and some systems have no central control. The controller, but only some of the sequential switching valves or volume valves are installed on each branch pipe.
Automated irrigation is the trend of the times. In the future water-saving irrigation projects, more and more automated irrigation systems will be applied.
Irrigation System
Degree Irrigation Nozzle,Irrigation for Agriculture,Impact Drive Sprinkler,Plastic Drip Irrigation Fittings
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