1. How to fatten donkey meat donkey's fattening, according to its performance, purpose and object, can be divided into the following four major systems. According to the performance plan, it can be divided into ordinary meat donkey fattening and high-grade donkey fattening; according to age, it can be divided into larvae fattening, young donkey fattening, adult donkeys and eliminated donkey fattening; according to the material classification, can be divided into fine material type Fattening, raw material combined with fattening.
The fattening purpose of meat donkeys is to scientifically apply forage materials and management techniques to obtain the highest quality donkey meat with high meat production and nutritional value in a relatively short period of time at a lower cost with less feed. Donkeys of all ages or different weights can be used for fattening.
To make the donkey fattening as soon as possible, the nutrients for the donkey must be higher than normal growth and development, so the fattening is also called overfeeding.
A. Variety and Finishing Donkeys with different varieties have greater differences in nutrient requirements during the fattening period. In general, meat donkeys need less nutrients for the same daily gain than non-meat varieties.
B. Donkeys in different growth stages of age and fattening are required to have different nutritional levels during the fattening period. Young donkeys are in a period of vigorous growth. An important part of weight gain is bones, muscles and meat, so the protein content of feed should be higher. The main part of an adult donkey gaining weight during fattening is fat. At this time, the protein content of the feed can be relatively low and the energy should be higher. The total amount of nutrients required for unit weight gain is the youngest donkey and the oldest donkey. However, the young donkey's digestive function is not as good as the aging donkey, so young donkeys require higher feed quality.
During the period of fattening, the donkey's weight gain in the early stage is mainly muscle and bone, and the latter is mainly deposition fat. Therefore, sufficient protein and proper heat energy should be supplied in the early period of fattening, and sufficient energy should be supplied later. Donkeys of any age, when fat is deposited to a certain extent, their viability declines, their appetite decreases, their feed conversion rate decreases, their daily weight gain decreases, and if they continue to grow fat, it is not economical. Generally, the younger the age, the longer the period of fattening, such as young pupa need more than 1 year. The older you are, the shorter the period of fattening, such as an adult donkey only takes 3 to 4 months. The length of the fattening period is also affected by feed quality and feeding methods. The feed efficiency of grazing is lower than that of grazing, so the fattening period of grazing donkeys is longer than that of grazing donkeys.
C. The temperature of the environment and the temperature of the fattening environment have a greater impact on the nutritional needs and daily weight gain of the finishing donkey. In the low temperature environment, in order to withstand the cold, the donkey needs to increase calorific value to maintain body temperature, so that a relatively large amount of nutrients are lost through metabolic heat to heat energy and feed utilization rate is decreased. When in a high temperature environment, the number of breathing times of the donkey increases and the feed intake decreases. If the temperature is too high, it will result in food stoppage. In particular, the donkey's fat is more fat in the later period of the fattening period, and the high temperature hazard is more serious. According to the physiological characteristics of the donkey, the suitable temperature is 16 to 24°C.
D. Different feed types and meat quality feed types will directly affect the quality of donkey meat. Through the regulation of feeding, it is an important means to increase meat production and quality. Without affecting the health and digestion of the donkey, the more nutrients it gives in the short term, the higher the daily gain it gains. The less feed consumed per kilogram of weight gain, the higher the slaughter, and the higher the benefit. The nutritional status of the donkey during the fattening period has a great influence on the meat production and meat quality. Only the donkey with good fattening quality has the best meat quality and meat quality. The type of feed has an important influence on the color and taste of the meat. Donkeys, meat and fat donkeys that are fattened by yellow corn are yellow and have a strong aroma. Feeding granular hay powder and concentrates can quickly deposit fat in muscle fibers and improve meat quality. Feeding more feeds containing more iron Concentrated flesh, more buckwheat is lighter.
The efficiency of feed conversion to muscle is much higher than the efficiency of feed conversion to fat.
E. The slaughter weight and feed utilization slaughter weight are determined with the market demand. Slaughter weight varies with feed consumption and utilization. The general rule is that the greater the slaughter weight of the donkey, the lower the feed utilization rate.
In the same species with F slaughter weight and meat quality, the meat quality has a close relationship with the bar body weight. Slaughter weight, donkey quality is not as good as slaughter. At present, there is no standard in our country and we can refer to the standard of cattle.
2, how to improve the breeding capacity of meat donkey
A. The enhancement of breeding power is strongly influenced by genetic factors, and the reproductive performance of different breeds and individuals varies. Especially the male donkey has a great influence on the offspring. Therefore, the male and female donkeys with high fertility are the premise to increase the breeding rate of the donkey.
For the selection of female donkeys, attention should be paid to a comprehensive inspection of their sexual maturation, morning and evening conditions, estrus status, puerperal spacing, abortion ability, and breastfeeding performance under normal feeding conditions.
In the selection of the male donkey, attention should be paid to the herd’s genetic performance, appearance, reproductive history and breeding performance, and attention should be paid to the general physiological state of the donkey, the reproductive organs (the texture and size of the testis, epididymis, sperm discharge channels, and vice The function of the gonads, the quality of the semen (the vigor, density of the sperm, the morphology of the sperm) and the reproductive disease.
B. Increasing the number of female donkeys The female donkey is the basis for the growth of the donkey. The greater the number of female donkeys in the donkey group, the faster the donkey population will multiply. Therefore, the rapid development of large-scale donkey breeding is the most effective way to increase the breeding rate of donkeys.
C. Scientific Feeding Management Strengthening feeding management, especially in the season of estrus and matching the female donkey, is the material basis for guaranteeing the normal estrus and ovulation of the female donkey. Lack of nutrition will make the female emaciated, endocrine activities affected, sexual dysfunction, reproductive dysfunction, often appear non-estrus, quiet estrus, estrus, ovulation, ovulation decreased, etc.; male donkey performance poor semen quality, decreased sexual desire.
D. Doing estrus identification and timely mating In normal circumstances, the eggs that have just been discharged are more viable and have higher energy. In general, the closer the timing of ovulation after insemination or natural mating, the higher the conception rate. This requires that the estrus identification of the ass be as accurate as possible in order to achieve timely insemination. The estrus identification of the female donkey usually focuses on rectal examination based on external observations. Rectal examination based on the presence of follicles, size, texture and other changes, to grasp the development of follicles and ovulation time to determine the most timely insemination time. In recent years, the implementation of insemination by means of the rectal grasp of the insemination method has been combined with the development of touch follicles to perform insemination, and the rate of conception of about 60% has been achieved.
E. Observe the operating procedures, and promote the use of new technology to promote artificial reproduction of fertilized technology. In particular, the application of frozen semen has greatly improved the production level of donkeys that are used for breeding broilers. In the process of promoting artificial insemination technology, we must abide by the operating procedures, from the heat identification, cleaning and disinfection equipment, sperm collection, semen processing, freezing, preservation and insemination, is a set of very detailed and rigorous operation, all links closely. Poorly mastered in any one part can cause the consequences of mismatch and infertility. In order to improve the breeding ability of donkeys, appropriate and mature breeding techniques are gradually applied, such as estrus, embryo transfer, superovulation, controlled delivery, induced estrus, gender control, gene introduction, artificial insemination, embryo freezing and preservation. Proper use of reproductive hormones allows female donkeys with reproductive difficulties to return to normal reproductive function, thereby maintaining and increasing their fertility.
F. Carry out an early pregnancy diagnosis to prevent misalignment from being diagnosed through early pregnancy. It is possible to determine as early as possible whether the female donkey is pregnant and to treat it differently. For female asses that have been determined to be pregnant, fetuses should be strengthened to ensure normal development of the fetus and prevent miscarriage of estrus after pregnancy. For unmarried female donkeys, we should carefully and promptly identify the causes, take appropriate measures, and compensate for opportunities without time loss.
G. The problem of reducing embryonic death and miscarriage involves a wide range and is also more complex. There are many factors that affect it. Early embryos that have not yet formed a fetus die in the ungrons of the donkey and die once they have stopped developing. They are usually absorbed by the uterus, while others are excreted in the estrus or urinated. Because the disappearance and discharge of embryos is not easy to find for people, it is called recessive abortion. The average abortion rate of donkeys is about 10%. Abortion occurs before and after 5 months of pregnancy. During this period, sudden changes in feeding conditions are avoided, and reasonable exercise or physical activity is an effective preventive measure. It has been suggested that 300 mg of progesterone implanted subcutaneously 120 days after pregnancy may also be effective in preventing abortion.
3, how to breed the meat donkey currently applied reproductive control techniques are: estrus identification, artificial insemination, the same period of estrus, induced estrus, superovulation, embryo transfer, induced delivery, cryopreservation of semen.
A, heat estrus identification Asses's long estrus, therefore, in order to ensure timely mating time and reduce the number of mating, increase the female donkey's fertility rate, must be estrus, ovulation check.
The method of estrus identification is: external observation, test feeling, vaginal examination and rectal examination. Frequent rectal examinations are usually based on external observations.
B. Simultaneous treatment of the estrus cycle of estrus during the same period is called estrus synchronization or estrus synchronization. At the same time, estrus technology mainly uses hormone drugs to change the regularity of the natural estrus cycle, so that the process of adjusting the estrus cycle is unified, so that the group's female donkey concentrates on estrus and ovulation within a specified time.
The significance of estrus in the same period: First, it is conducive to the promotion of artificial insemination; the second is to facilitate the organization of production; the third is to increase the reproduction rate; and the fourth is to create conditions for the study of donkey embryo transfer value.
C. Artificial insemination and natural mating Artificial insemination refers to a method of artificially injecting a certain amount of semen into a certain part of the genital tract of a female to make the female animal conceive. Artificial insemination technology has been applied in animal husbandry for nearly a century. This breeding technology has been widely adopted in various domestic animals and some wild animals.
The significance of artificial insemination: The first is to improve the mating performance and breeding value of the fine male donkey. The second is to accelerate the improvement of varieties. The third is to reduce the cost of feeding and management. The fourth is to increase the fertility rate of female donkeys. Fifth, semen can be stored for a long time. The sixth is to promote the development of other reproductive technologies.
(1) Artificial insemination Artificial insemination procedures include rectal examination, sperm collection, seminal dilution, and insemination. The entire job requires the skilled technicians to be skilled in operation, to be strictly disinfected, to operate carefully, and to accurately configure the diluent and the chemical solution. To achieve these requirements can achieve good results.
(2) Natural mating When the natural mating, the donkey close to the estrus ass, produce sexual impulses, courtship, erection reflex, climb across the female donkey, the penis into the female donkey vaginal twitch several times, in about 0.8 minutes ejaculation, individual The donkey lasted for more than 1 minute. Mating time is generally 1 to 1.5 minutes.
The estrous female donkey cervix is ​​open and in estrus, the cervical canal can hold 2 to 3 fingers. The male donkey's penis was fully erected, the enlarged glans pushed toward the vaginal dome, and the urethral projection was inserted into the cervix. The twitching of the penis produces a negative pressure on the cervix, and semen is absorbed into the cervix or uterus during ejaculation.
Due to the long estrus of the female donkey, it is more difficult to grasp the breeding time, but the time that the male donkey's sperm maintains fertilization within the female donkey's genitals is as long as 3 to 5 days. Therefore, taking the alternate breeding on the next day does not affect the female donkey's fertility rate.
D. Pregnancy diagnosis of a donkey pregnancy test should be performed about 18 days after insemination, and the first pregnancy test should be conducted to prevent the miscarriage of empty sham estrus. Pregnancy tests often use external observation, vaginal examination, rectal examination and other three methods.
(1) The external examination is to judge whether the pregnancy is or not by visually observing the external performance of the female donkey.
(2) vaginal examination that is to determine whether the pregnancy by checking the vaginal mucosa and cervix.
(3) Rectal Examination As with the estrus assessment, the presence of ovary and uterus is checked by rectal examination to determine whether or not the pregnancy occurs.
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