English name: Dianthus caryophyllus
Carnation, also known as carnation, is an evergreen perennial herb of the family Caryophyllaceae. It is often cultivated for one or two years in cut flowers. It is the largest publicized cut flower after the chrysanthemum in the world, accounting for about 17% of the total output of cut peanuts. In all indoor cut flower production, the yield per unit area of ​​carnation is the highest, and can be scaled by mechanization and automation. Therefore, the price of carnation is relatively low. The application of carnation is very extensive. Its good quality, beautiful fragrance, long preservation time, is the most basic floral material in flower decoration. Ecological habits and flowering regulation: Carnation is native to southern Europe, the Mediterranean coast to India and is therefore suitable for relatively dry and sunny environments. Growing temperature is about 20°C during the day and 10°C～15°C at night. Different varieties have different requirements on temperature. For example, the yellow variety, the optimum growth temperature is 20°C～25°C, and the flowering temperature is 10°C～20°C; while the red variety requires higher temperature, less than 25°C. It grows slowly and cannot even bloom. The ideal cultivation area is the cool summer, low humidity, and warm winter. The normal flowering period of carnation is from May to October. In winter, flowers are mainly used in greenhouses and plastic greenhouses. The daytime temperature of the protected areas is about 20°C, and the nighttime temperature is not lower than 10°C.
Varieties: The varieties currently used in production and cultivation are classified according to their suit colors. (1) The yellow plant height is 70 cm to 80 cm. Such as the golden Lunda: yellow, mixed with dark red spots, flower buds easily broken; horizon: yellow red spots, high yield and practical; Polaris: pale yellow, strong disease resistance, high yield; Miller Zherro: yellow, high yield. (2) Red plants are about 50 cm high, with short internodes, hard stems, and high temperatures. Such as Peter Feixia: pink, high yield, early flowers; William Sim: bright red, large flowers, disease resistance, early flowers, newer, calyx easily broken; giant dark red: dark red, disease-resistant, easy to break. (3) White, such as the Northland: white, aromatic, disease-resistant, high yield; White Peter: white, widely used in cultivation. Others, such as the god of the gods: red or orange yellow, with large red spots, disease resistance, high yields, and much more.
Reproduction and cultivation: In the cut flower propagation of carnation, cuttings are mainly used. In order to obtain virus-free seedlings, tissue culture methods are also commonly used. (1) The cutting and cutting time can be carried out in addition to the summer, but most of the production is from January to March. It is preferable that the cuttings are effective from the end of January to the beginning of February, and the survival rate is high and the growth is robust. The cuttings should be grown with strong lateral buds in the middle of the plant (ie, 3rd to 4th lateral buds) and should be taken at a 1 cm diameter of the top bud. When picking buds, axillary buds should be used, that is, the buds should be pulled down in the hands so that the roots of the buds will have nodule marks. This will make it easier to survive. Cut immediately after harvesting, or wet the cuttings with water before inserting. The cutting pitch is 1.5 centimeters to 2 centimeters. Immediately after the insertion, water is sprayed to cover the shade. The temperature is maintained at 10 DEG C. to 13 DEG C., and rooting can be performed in about 20 days. Can often mother buds can take budding once every two weeks. Disease-free plants should be carefully selected as mother plants. If possible, a mother-culture room is set up with absolutely disease-free cuttings. (2) Tissue culture of carnation is one of the earlier flowers successfully cultivated and has been widely used in production.
Cutting and fresh-cutting of cut flowers: Carnations are easy to flower after cutting, generally cut at the bud or semi-open. Usually, the suitable period for cutting flowers is as follows: During the low-temperature period, 50% bloom and 40% bloom during the high-temperature period. When harvesting, the flowering dianthus should be cut at 3 cm from the calyx and slightly in the summer; the main inflorescence of the flowering dianthus blossoms, and the petals of the two lateral inflorescences, each with its brightly colored petals, are cut. At the time of the first cutting, in order to ensure the flowering in the future, it is necessary to cut at a slightly higher position to make lateral branches. Cut the flowers into 20 bundles after the flowers are cut and packaged. The optimum storage temperature for carnation is 0°C. Stored at this low temperature, cut flowers have the longest vase life. However, when the storage time is increased by one week at low temperature, the vase life of flowers is reduced by one day. Therefore, even if stored in a standard cold room, it must not exceed 4 weeks. In order to ensure the quality of cut flowers, it is best to take cuts at the bud stage, store them at a low temperature of 0°C, and promote the flower buds to blossom through the flowering treatment so that they can be sold at a proper time. Carnation cut flowers are more sensitive to ethylene, and they are usually treated with a preservative containing ethylene. It has a significant effect on extending the vase life of carnations. Usually treated with silver thiosulphate or silver nitrate (mass fraction 10010-6) solution, such as adding gibberellin (10 mg/L ~ 20 mg/L), aminopterin (5 mg/L ~ 10 mg/L) will accelerate the opening of flowers; treatment with 200 mg silver nitrate, 100 g sugar, and 20 mg benzyladenine per liter of water will enable the opening of carnation buds with a diameter of 5 mm and ensure the quality of cut flowers and Bottle life. The best environmental conditions for carnation buds are: light 1000 lux [] ~ 4000 lux [], time 16 hours to 24 hours, temperature 22 °C ~ 25 °C, air humidity 40% ~ 70%.
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