Unreasonable fertilization in production will result in poor appearance of the fruit and poor taste. Therefore, it is the key to improve the quality of the fruit. It is necessary to work hard on the nutrient supply, that is, rational fertilization. After years of technical promotion and practice, the author put forward the theory of “fruit tree full nutrition and four fertilizer conditioningâ€, that is, through the scientific matching of four types of fertilizers (organic fertilizer, large amount of element fertilizer, biological bacterial fertilizer, medium and trace element fertilizer) to realize fruit trees. The nutrient supply ensures that the roots of the fruit tree are able to obtain comprehensive and sufficient nutrients. The theory is introduced below, and it is expected to provide some reference for fruit producers.
One or four types of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is of great significance in improving the quality of fruit. After the organic fertilizer is applied to the soil, the organic matter can effectively improve the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, mature the soil, enhance the soil fertility and fertilizer capacity and buffer capacity, and create good soil conditions for the growth of fruit trees. At the same time, after the organic fertilizer is decomposed, it provides energy and nutrients for soil microbial activities, promotes microbial activities, accelerates the decomposition of organic matter, and produces active substances that promote root growth and improve fruit quality. In orchards with insufficient organic fertilizer, grass can be used to improve soil organic matter. In Japan, fruit production has been widely used in fruit production, and the effect is good. It should be noted that the grass-making system should not be combined with raising chickens and raising ducks, otherwise it will not increase the soil organic matter.
The branches, fallen leaves, weeds and crop straws under pruning can be crushed and treated as organic fertilizer.
2. A large amount of elemental fertilizer. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the three essential elements of fruit trees. The application of these three elements has been widely recognized and accepted by the majority of fruit growers, and has played an important role in improving fruit yield. It should be pointed out that a large number of elements are not only nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. The three elements of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are equally important, and they are obtained from air and water, respectively. Therefore, the orchard can not be closed, must be ventilated and light, and watering should be timely, pay attention to keep the soil suitable for lyrics.
3. Biological fertilizer. At present, there are many kinds of biological bacterial fertilizers, and the good effect on fruit trees is mainly beneficial bacteria that dissolve phosphorus, dissolve potassium and accelerate decomposing, and can enhance the decomposition ability of organic matter and soil permeability.
4. Medium and trace element fertilizer. The medium amount refers to silicon, calcium, magnesium and sulfur. The effect on fruit trees is second only to a large number of elements. In recent years, studies have shown that medium elements play an important role in improving tree resistance and fruit quality and should cause height. Pay attention to it, you should not treat them as dispensable trace elements. Especially silicon, which has a good effect on fruit trees, is receiving more and more attention.
Trace elements refer to the iron, boron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum and chlorine necessary for fruit trees. Although trace elements are small for fruit trees, they are indispensable. Often fruit trees have such problems, many of which are caused by the absence of certain essential elements. Therefore, it is very important to improve the yield and quality by properly supplementing the trace elements. In this respect, we must pay attention to two kinds of tendencies. First, we do not pay attention to it at all. We only know that a large amount of elemental fertilizer is applied. Second, the problem of excessive application and excessive application of trace elements will cause antagonism and play the opposite role. Also note that in the Haiji Plain area, because the soil contains more chlorine salts, there is no need to add extra chlorine, and many fruit trees are chlorine-free.
Second, the amount of fertilizer application
1. Organic fertilizer. Generally, the application amount per acre is 5-8 cubic meters. Be careful to be decomposed. Chicken manure and human manure have high efficacy and can be moderately reduced; straw and grass fertilizer can be moderately increased; and soybean meal cake fertilizer is applied for about 500 kg per mu.
2. Fertilizers. The amount of elemental fertilizer applied should be treated differently depending on the species and yield. At the same time, the amount varies depending on the amount of organic fertilizer applied and the type of fertilizer. When more organic fertilizer is applied, the application amount of a large amount of chemical element fertilizer can be appropriately reduced. Even the use of chemical fertilizers is completely eliminated, and only organic fertilizer is applied. Generally, when the output is about 2000 kg, the potassium sulphate-type NPK compound fertilizer (15% each) is applied per 100 mu.
3. Biological fertilizer. Commercial biological fertilizer can generally be 25 kg per mu.
4. Medium and trace elements. It is very important to apply medium and trace element fertilizers in the impact plain area, generally 15 to 25 kg per mu.
Third, fertilization methods and periods
Organic fertilizer
In the absence of chemical fertilizers, the application rate of organic fertilizer should reach 8 cubic meters per mu or more, and the soil organic matter content should reach 3% or more, in order to meet the nutrient demand of fruit trees, and the yield control is about 1500 kg per mu. The amount of fertilizer applied is determined based on the target production of the design. The fruit tree can produce high-quality fruit in an appropriate amount, and it will not cause the tree to weaken and cause the phenomenon of large and small years, nor will it cause the tree to be too strong. If the orchard is small and there is surplus labor, it can be artificially expanded in the autumn (September to November), that is, 40 to 50 cm from the planting pit, and the organic fertilizer and the topsoil are mixed and applied, and then autumn. The hole is fertilized until the plants are connected. When the area of ​​the orchard is large, it can be applied in the whole garden in autumn, combined with the application of bacterial fertilizer, and the mechanical deep turn is 20-30 cm.
When using the grass to increase the organic fertilizer, the method of grassing is artificial grass and natural grass. The grass species suitable for artificial planting under the tree are mainly tall fescue, duckweed, zoysia, ryegrass, sage, alfalfa, wild pea, white clover and grass raft. Natural grass is simple, just remove the tall weeds in the orchard such as wormwood, ash, leeks, radish, thatch, valerian, ramie, etc., as well as the larvae, radish, morning glory, etc. Just fine. Appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth of grass and raise nitrogen with nitrogen. The grass is cut every year when the grass grows to 50 cm or more, and it is covered under the tree plate after cutting, so that it naturally rots, and the grass is mowing 2 or 3 times a year. It should be noted that natural grass orchards should not be mowing after August to facilitate their seeding. The first three years of the implementation of the grass-making system can also be ploughed. After that, the organic matter is ploughed by 20 to 30 centimeters in 2 to 3 years, so that the organic matter reaches the lower layer of soil.
It can be combined with ridge cultivation to apply organic fertilizer. Before planting the fruit trees, apply sufficient amount of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer to the orchard soil, apply 8 cubic meters per mu, and then apply 18% superphosphate 150 per acre. Kilograms, evenly spread on the ground of the orchard, the depth of ploughing is 15-20 cm. Then, the tree-planting line was measured. When the row spacing was 4 meters, the surface soil with a width of 2 meters and a thickness of 15-20 cm was turned to both sides to form a ridge with a height of 30 to 40 cm and a width of 2 meters. Plant trees from the middle of the ridge, grass between rows, covered with ridges.
2. Fertilizer (including a large number of elements)
Multiple pits can be applied under the tree, about 50 grams per pit, evenly distributed under the canopy. The distance between the fertilization pits is 30 cm, 50 cm from the trunk, and the canopy is vertically projected. It can also be applied between trees and rows, and the tractor is turned over 10-15 cm. Each of them may be administered once in March, June, and September, or may be administered in a single release.
3. Trace elements
To be combined with the application of organic fertilizer, the whole garden is widely used. If there are still symptoms of deficiency, it can be targeted and applied. For organic orchards rich in organic matter, only the external spray fertilizer can meet the demand of trace elements. Generally, the concentration of the trace element salt compounds in the growing season is 500-1000 times, and the concentration before germination is 50-100 times. In the summer, avoid spraying at high temperature between 11 am and 4 pm; iron, zinc and other fertilizers can use organic acid complex type to reduce the occurrence of fertilizer damage.
4. Biological fertilizer
It can be applied in the autumn while spreading the shallow turn and mixing the soil evenly. Incorporating biological fertilizer into the fermented organic fertilizer can accelerate the ripening and increase the effect of fertilizer.
Fertilization must be matched with watering. Water is not only the necessary growth factor for fruit trees, but also the solvent for the fertilizer to be dissolved and utilized by fruit trees. It must be highly valued. Do not over-dry the fruit trees.
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