In the process of planting tomatoes, we often have a hollow phenomenon, and this hollow phenomenon is actually a tomato hollow fruit, which is a common physiological disease of tomatoes. Let's take a look at the main causes of tomato cavity fruit and related prevention methods.
First, the symptoms of tomato hollow fruit
Tomatoes with hollow fruit appear to be similar to normal fruit in the early stage or when the disease is mild, and it is generally difficult to judge in appearance, but if the fruit is cut, it will be found that the internal placental dysplasia and gelatin are less. There will also be cavities of varying sizes between the peel and the placenta.
In the later stage of the disease, when the disease is heavier, the symptoms of the tomato cavity fruit are more obvious - in terms of the head, the disease fruit is slightly larger than the normal fruit; in the case of single fruit weight, the disease fruit is more than the normal fruit. It is lighter; in appearance, the normal fruit is more round and smooth, and the diseased fruit has obvious angular or concave or empty appearance, which looks very unsatisfactory; the fruit is cut from the inside, and the diseased fruit is inside the ventricle. There are very few gums and seeds, the skin pulp is relatively thin, and there is a very obvious cavity between the pulp and the placenta. From the taste quality, the juice taste of the fruit is worse than the normal fruit. These are also the most typical characteristics of tomato hollow fruit. After the occurrence of the hollow fruit phenomenon in the tomato, even if the management is reinforced in the later stage, the part of the internal cavity is basically not filled up again for the fruit that has been inflated.
Second, the main causes of tomato cavity fruit and related prevention methods
1, the reasons for the variety
There are many varieties of tomatoes, but if you use the early maturing varieties, the varieties with less ventricles, the large varieties with large heads, and the varieties with high inflorescences, it is easy to cause fruit hollow fruit. .
Control methods: When planting tomatoes, the varieties should be selected according to the season of planting, such as mid-late maturity, more ventricles, smaller fruit, thicker skin, lower node and strong resistance, low temperature and low light tolerance. In general, large fruit has a higher incidence rate than small fruit hollow fruit, and thin skin variety has a higher incidence rate than thick skin variety. However, early maturity varieties are more likely to have hollow fruit because of less ventricular medulla. More, when the fruit is expanded, the incidence of the hollow fruit is relatively reduced.
In addition, even the same tomato variety, and the high-node (above-successed) ears on the plant are prone to insufficient nutrient supply and poor development of the placenta due to late flowering and late fruit setting.
2, the reason for the low water temperature
This is very common on tomatoes that are grown at low temperatures in winter. In winter, the climate is cold and the temperature is low. If the cold water is used below 8 degrees, the soil temperature will be greatly reduced during the growth period of the tomato, which leads to the pre-cooling shrinkage of the roots of the tomato plants and the decrease of the root activity, thus weakening the roots to absorb water and fertilizer from the soil. The ability to cause fruit during the rapid expansion of the fruit due to insufficient nutrient supply and less accumulation of nutrients.
Control method: When watering at low temperature, it should avoid using cold water below 10 degrees, but should be watered with water above 10-12 degrees. At this point, you can also use a large water tank or other container to store water in advance at the corner of the shed before watering the tomatoes. When using the temperature in the shed to raise the water temperature to 10-12 degrees or more, then Watering is then carried out according to the needs of tomato growth. If the water storage conditions are insufficient in advance, in order to avoid cold water damage, it is recommended that you use underground well water for use because the temperature of the well water in winter will be relatively higher.
3. Reasons for colonization
When the tomato is planted, the seedling age is short or the planting is too early, especially when the seedlings are planted, it is easy to induce the internal cavity problem. Because the seedlings are short and the seedlings are small, the growth rate is fast, the root activity is high, and the absorption capacity is strong. Especially in the early stage, the vegetative growth needs to absorb a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, which is prone to excessive or excessive absorption of nitrogen fertilizer, resulting in peel pulp. The growth of the placenta and the growth of the seeds inside the fruit can not keep up, which induces the problem of tomato hollow fruit.
Control method: strong seedlings should be used for tomato planting. The best colonization standard requires about 70 days for seedling age, 20 cm for seedling height, stalks thick (more than 0.6 cm), 8 leaves for true leaves, and more thick roots for roots. The leaves are thick and green, and the internodes are short and thick, and the first flower bud inflorescence has been revealed on the seedlings. Everyone must learn to be flexible and planted according to the conditions of planting mouthwash and seedlings.
In addition, in order to cultivate robust seedlings and shorten the slow seedling period after planting, it is necessary to carry out low-temperature refining in advance about 5 days before planting tomato seedlings. For tomatoes grown in low temperature environment, it is best to choose "cold tail warm head". When the weather is colonized, it is best to use a liquid such as zhongshengmycin to colonize the roots after planting.
4, the cause of temperature
The high temperature during the seedling and flowering period of tomatoes (for example, 30 degrees or even 35 degrees for a long time) is likely to cause long seedlings, poor pollination or incomplete fertilization, dysplasia of the ovule and placenta, and low growth hormone in the ovary. If the problem is too high, the night temperature is too high (for example, 15 degrees or more), and the temperature difference between day and night is too small, which may cause problems such as rapid development of the fruit ovary, insufficient accumulation of nutrients in the fruit, and suppression of the formation of gum inside the heart. It is easy to cause the tomato fruit to be hollow.
At the same time, if the tomato continues to be low temperature during the growth period, for example, the temperature of the first inflorescence is less than 10 degrees, and the temperature of the flowering fruit is less than 15 degrees, which may cause unfavorable inflorescence differentiation, poor pollination and fertilization, and not only easy to fall and fall, Moreover, due to low root activity and poor water and fertilizer absorption capacity, the nutrient supply is insufficient and the fruit is poorly developed, and a hollow fruit appears.
Control method: After the seedlings are planted and before flowering, especially after the first ear inflorescence differentiation, the temperature environment of at least 12 degrees above the greenhouse should be kept, 5-7 days before flowering and 3 days after flowering. 25 degrees, 13-15 degrees at night, the fruiting period should be 25-30 degrees during the day, 15-20 degrees at night, and the temperature difference between day and night is better than 10 degrees. When the temperature is higher than 33 degrees, pay attention to timely ventilation. Cool down, when below 10 degrees, pay attention to the temperature increase in the shed. If the pollination environment is poor during flowering, the method of venting or artificial pollination should be taken in time to assist the tomato to successfully complete the pollination.
5, the cause of moisture
During the growth period of tomatoes, the water supply should be kept in a stable and balanced manner according to different fertility needs. If there is too much watering in the early stage, too little watering in the middle and late stages, or the soil is wet and dry, the soil is prolonged or the water is accumulated, especially during the fruiting period. Insufficient water supply will result in a significant increase in the incidence of tomato cavity fruit.
Control method: On the basis of pouring the seedling water after the tomato is planted, as long as the soil is not too dry, it should be watered as little as possible from the time of slow seedling to the time of flowering, and should be properly controlled from the time of plant bud to flowering and fruiting. Dry, in order to prevent excessive air humidity and pollen infertility or infertility. When the first batch of young fruit grows to about 3 cm, it is watered to meet the needs of expansion. When entering the fruiting period, Each batch of young fruit should be filled with water when it begins to expand to maintain the need for water supply in the field.
Generally speaking, after the tomato is planted, the soil moisture can be kept at about 65% before flowering, and the soil moisture content is maintained at about 75% after fruit setting. When watering, it should not be flooded with large water, and should be poured with small water. The watering method of drip irrigation should be ventilated and dehumidified in time after watering. After precipitation, it is necessary to pay attention to the timely drainage and drainage after rain. If you encounter high temperature and dry weather, it is best to spray 800 times of new high-fat film to reduce the evaporation loss of leaf moisture.
6. Reasons for nutrient supply
For tomatoes, the growth cycle is long, the amount of flowering fruit is large, if the planting soil is poor, the base fertilizer is insufficient, the nutrient supply is insufficient during the growth period, the calcium, magnesium and boron are lacking in nutrients, especially the nutrient supply during the expansion period, and the tomatoes are also induced. The occurrence of empty fruit.
7, the reason for the light
Tomatoes should be moderately sparsely planted. After entering the flowering and fruiting period, if the weather environment is relatively poor and there are more rainy and rainy weather, it is easy to have insufficient light. Insufficient illumination not only makes the plants prosper, but also reduces the photosynthesis ability of the organic matter produced by the leaves. At the same time, it also causes poor flower bud differentiation, poor quality of pollination and fertilization, insufficient accumulation of nutrients, and inhibition of gel formation. Causes the occurrence of tomato hollow fruit.
Control method: On the one hand, it is necessary to select a permeable membrane with strong permeability, and remove the clean shed to improve the transparency in the shed. On the other hand, it can be used to lay reflective mulch, hang the reflective film on the wall, and hang the light in the shed. Lights and other methods to increase the amount of light on the tomatoes, at least 6 hours of light per day. In addition, in the continuous rainy weather, adding some carbon dioxide gas fertilizer in the shed can also prevent the effect of hollow fruit.
8, the reason for the long
During the growth period of tomatoes, if the nitrogen fertilizer is used excessively, the temperature is too high, and the soil moisture is too large, it is easy to cause imbalance between vegetative growth and reproductive growth of tomatoes, which leads to the development of flower and fruit, fruit falling, fruit malformation and hollow fruit.
Control methods: On the one hand, tomatoes should be cultivated at low temperature to strengthen the plants. On the other hand, tomatoes with prosperous growth should be controlled by water, 800 times of acetaminophen, 1500 times of chlormequat, 15 The milligrams of anti-falling hormone and other methods are used to control the fruit and protect the fruit. In the case of high temperature, the field temperature can be lowered by adding a shading net (the shading rate can not be higher than 30%) and the afternoon leaves spraying water.
It should be noted that if the drug is over-controlled, it should be timely sprayed with brassinolide, amino acid foliar fertilizer, and Bi-protection to alleviate the phytotoxicity and promote the plant to return to normal growth as soon as possible.
9, the cause of hormones
Tomato flowering can accelerate the development of fruit, but if the drug is used excessively, the concentration is too high, or the flower is too early, repeating the flower, etc., it will accelerate the growth of the pulp and the growth of the inner cavity of the fruit. The development speed can't keep up, which induces the empty shell phenomenon of fruit trees.
Control method: When using the medicine, it should be strictly used according to the dosage prescribed by the medicine. It must not be increased by the amount or concentration. It is not necessary to repeat the flowering. When the temperature is high, the concentration should be moderately reduced. When the temperature is low, it can be moderate. Increasing the concentration of the drug, the commonly used drugs are mainly 2-4, D (15 mg / kg), anti-fallin (25 mg / kg) and so on. In addition, when the flowers are spent, it is impossible to spend flowers in the rainy or snowy weather. You should choose the weather before 11 am.
10. Reasons for flowering, pruning, and heart-splitting
Tomatoes are crops with strong growth ability and strong branching ability. In order to save nutrients, balance growth, and maintain a good ventilation and light-transparent environment, management of pruning, snoring, leaf picking, topping, etc. is required in fertility, but If it is too late or too heavy, it will induce the occurrence of falling flowers, small deformities of fruit trees and the occurrence of hollow fruits.
Control method: Tomatoes can be thinned after the young fruit sits and has a size of 1 cm. The first inflorescence should have less fruit, otherwise the ear of the high-node flowering will be insufficiently nutritious and hollow; the whole pruning is best. When the side branches under the first inflorescence grow to about 6-8 cm long, the process begins. When the side branches grow to 1-2 cm, they can be carried out in time; when the plants grow to about 50 cm, or 3-5 fruits. At this time, the heart can be topped. After that, the side branches leave 2-3 spikes for topping; when the leaves are thinned, they can be carried out one by one when the first ear fruits start to color, according to the method of internal and external, and the key elimination during the removal of leaves. The middle and lower parts of the old yellow disease are weak leaves, but when picking the leaves, it is necessary to remove the old leaves under the bottom fruit of the bottom, but the 2-3 functional leaves in the upper part of the ear should be preserved, and can be performed once every 7-10 days. Take about 2 pieces each time.
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